{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:03:21Z","timestamp":1790435001810,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,3,1]],"date-time":"2006-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1141171200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,17]],"date-time":"2013-07-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2695,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,24]],"date-time":"2005-11-24T07:10:06Z","timestamp":1132816206000},"page":"169-179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["HIV-1 tropism for the central nervous system: Brain-derived envelope glycoproteins with lower CD4 dependence and reduced sensitivity to a fusion inhibitor"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"346","author":[{"given":"Julio","family":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angel","family":"Varela-Rohena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew L.","family":"Plassmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Scarano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.205-213.1999","article-title":"Microglia express CCR5, CXCR4, and CCR3, but of these, CCR5 is the principal coreceptor for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 dementia isolates","volume":"73","author":"Albright","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(99)01512-1","article-title":"Regulation of T-cell responses by CNS antigen-presenting cells: different roles for microglia and astrocytes","volume":"21","author":"Aloisi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199911000-00005","article-title":"Early entry and widespread cellular involvement of HIV-1 DNA in brains of HIV-1 positive asymptomatic individuals","volume":"58","author":"An","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5698","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5698","article-title":"A small-molecule, nonpeptide CCR5 antagonist with highly potent and selective anti-HIV-1 activity","volume":"96","author":"Baba","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8957","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.19.8957-8967.2001","article-title":"Antigenically distinct conformations of CXCR4","volume":"75","author":"Baribaud","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-1136(199801)22:1<72::AID-GLIA7>3.0.CO;2-A","article-title":"Mature microglia resemble immature antigen-presenting cells","volume":"22","author":"Carson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80205-6","article-title":"Core structure of gp41 from the HIV envelope glycoprotein","volume":"89","author":"Chan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81313-6","article-title":"The beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 facilitate infection by primary HIV-1 isolates","volume":"85","author":"Choe","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.9.1736","article-title":"Early viral brain invasion in iatrogenic human immunodeficiency virus infection","volume":"42","author":"Davis","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8358","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.18.8358-8367.2000","article-title":"Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to the fusion inhibitor T-20 is modulated by coreceptor specificity defined by the V3 loop of gp120","volume":"74","author":"Derdeyn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8605","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.18.8605-8614.2001","article-title":"Sensitivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to fusion inhibitors targeted to the gp41 first heptad repeat involves distinct regions of gp41 and is consistently modulated by gp120 interactions with the coreceptor","volume":"75","author":"Derdeyn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199714000-00006","article-title":"Direct ex vivo flow cytometric analysis of human microglial cell CD4 expression: examination of central nervous system biopsy specimens from HIV-seropositive patients and patients with other neurological disease","volume":"11","author":"Dick","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81314-8","article-title":"A dual-tropic primary HIV-1 isolate that uses fusin and the beta-chemokine receptors CKR-5, CKR-3, and CKR-2b as fusion cofactors","volume":"85","author":"Doranz","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.2.773-780.2000","article-title":"Analysis of genetic variability within the immunodominant epitopes of envelope gp41 from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group M and its impact on HIV-1 antibody detection","volume":"38","author":"Dorn","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5639","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.090576697","article-title":"A binding pocket for a small molecule inhibitor of HIV-1 entry within the transmembrane helices of CCR5","volume":"97","author":"Dragic","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(91)90072-J","article-title":"HIV-1 V3 domain variation in brain and spleen of children with AIDS: tissue-specific evolution within host-determined quasispecies","volume":"180","author":"Epstein","year":"1991","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1086\/381707","article-title":"Short-term safety and antiretroviral activity of T-1249, a second-generation fusion inhibitor of HIV","volume":"189","author":"Eron","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.21.8122","article-title":"Eukaryotic transient-expression system based on recombinant vaccinia virus that synthesizes bacteriophage T7 RNA polymerase","volume":"83","author":"Fuerst","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1527","article-title":"The neuropathogenesis of AIDS","volume":"5","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Scarano","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev., Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10073","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.21.10073-10089.2001","article-title":"Macrophage tropism of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates from brain and lymphoid tissues predicts neurotropism independent of coreceptor specificity","volume":"75","author":"Gorry","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6277","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.12.6277-6292.2002","article-title":"Increased CCR5 affinity and reduced CCR5\/CD4 dependence of a neurovirulent primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate","volume":"76","author":"Gorry","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200208160-00005","article-title":"Variability of critical epitopes within HIV-1 heptad repeat domains for selected entry inhibitors in HIV-infected populations worldwide [corrected]","volume":"16","author":"Hanna","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1038\/385645a0","article-title":"CCR3 and CCR5 are co-receptors for HIV-1 infection of microglia","volume":"385","author":"He","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7582","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.14.7582-7589.2004","article-title":"Determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 baseline susceptibility to the fusion inhibitors enfuvirtide and T-649 reside outside the peptide interaction site","volume":"78","author":"Heil","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199205000-00002","article-title":"Bone marrow-derived elements in the central nervous system: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural survey of rat chimeras","volume":"51","author":"Hickey","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.2.736-742.1991","article-title":"Infection of brain microglial cells by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is CD4 dependent","volume":"65","author":"Jordan","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra022812","article-title":"Novel therapies based on mechanisms of HIV-1 cell entry","volume":"348","author":"Kilby","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M004113200","article-title":"Mode of action of an antiviral peptide from HIV-1. Inhibition at a post-lipid mixing stage","volume":"276","author":"Kliger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6522","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.11.6522-6534.1993","article-title":"Analysis of simian immunodeficiency virus sequence variation in tissues of rhesus macaques with simian AIDS","volume":"67","author":"Kodama","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7467","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.11.7467-7481.1994","article-title":"Genetic differences between blood- and brain-derived viral sequences from human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients: evidence of conserved elements in the V3 region of the envelope protein of brain-derived sequences","volume":"68","author":"Korber","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2737","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V83.9.2737.2737","article-title":"Cells expressing human glucocerebrosidase from a retroviral vector repopulate macrophages and central nervous system microglia after murine bone marrow transplantation","volume":"83","author":"Krall","year":"1994","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(01)00130-9","article-title":"HIV fusion and its inhibition","volume":"50","author":"LaBranche","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1086\/427993","article-title":"T-1249 retains potent antiretroviral activity in patients who had experienced virological failure while on an enfuvirtide-containing treatment regimen","volume":"191","author":"Lalezari","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9617","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.14.9617","article-title":"Epitope mapping of CCR5 reveals multiple conformational states and distinct but overlapping structures involved in chemokine and coreceptor function","volume":"274","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5215","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.9.5215","article-title":"Quantification of CD4, CCR5, and CXCR4 levels on lymphocyte subsets, dendritic cells, and differentially conditioned monocyte-derived macrophages","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1007\/s007050050576","article-title":"The role of host immunocompetence in neuroinvasion of Sindbis virus","volume":"144","author":"Lustig","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3568","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.8.3568-3580.2001","article-title":"Differential CD4\/CCR5 utilization, gp120 conformation, and neutralization sensitivity between envelopes from a microglia-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and its parental isolate","volume":"75","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200209060-00003","article-title":"Chemokine receptors in the brain: their role in HIV infection and pathogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6703","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.11.6703-6713.2005","article-title":"Interaction with CD4 and antibodies to CD4-induced epitopes of the envelope gp120 from a microglial cell-adapted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolate","volume":"79","author":"Mart\u00edn-Garc\u00eda","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280390194109","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: an evolving disease","volume":"9","author":"McArthur","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3253","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.48.9.3253-3259.2004","article-title":"Genotype and phenotype patterns of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to enfuvirtide during long-term treatment","volume":"48","author":"Menzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9618","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.15.9618-9624.2005","article-title":"The promiscuous CC chemokine receptor D6 is a functional coreceptor for primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 on astrocytes","volume":"79","author":"Neil","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12336","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.22.12336-12345.2003","article-title":"Genetic and functional analysis of full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 env genes derived from brain and blood of patients with AIDS","volume":"77","author":"Ohagen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6915","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.13.6915-6926.2004","volume":"78","author":"Peters","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290207","article-title":"Human microglial cells: characterization in cerebral tissue and in primary culture, and study of their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection","volume":"29","author":"Peudenier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0923-2516(91)90051-4","article-title":"HIV receptors within the brain: a study of CD4 and MHC-II on human neurons, astrocytes and microglial cells","volume":"142","author":"Peudenier","year":"1991","journal-title":"Res. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.1996.12.477","article-title":"Sequence analysis of the V3 loop in brain and spleen of patients with HIV encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Reddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS Res. Hum. Retrovir."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16249","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.252469399","article-title":"Sensitivity of HIV-1 to entry inhibitors correlates with envelope\/coreceptor affinity, receptor density, and fusion kinetics","volume":"99","author":"Reeves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5476","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.10.5476-5485.2004","article-title":"Impact of mutations in the coreceptor binding site on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 fusion, infection, and entry inhibitor sensitivity","volume":"78","author":"Reeves","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.2.986-993.1998","article-title":"Determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistance to gp41-derived inhibitory peptides","volume":"72","author":"Rimsky","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib51","first-page":"1341","article-title":"Cellular localization of the chemokine receptor CCR5. Correlation to cellular targets of HIV-1 infection","volume":"151","author":"Rottman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290049615","article-title":"HIV-associated cognitive impairment before and after the advent of combination therapy","volume":"8","author":"Sacktor","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. NeuroVirol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib53","series-title":"HIV Sequence Compendium 2002. Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group","first-page":"43","article-title":"Mutational analyses and natural variability of the gp41 ectodomain","author":"Sanders","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(85)80245-8","article-title":"Multinucleated giant cells and HTLV-III in AIDS encephalopathy","volume":"16","author":"Sharer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(83)80220-2","article-title":"Pathologic features of AIDS encephalopathy in children: evidence for LAV\/HTLV-III infection of brain","volume":"17","author":"Sharer","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.2.693-701.2000","article-title":"Determinants of syncytium formation in microglia by human immunodeficiency virus type 1: role of the V1\/V2 domains","volume":"74","author":"Shieh","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2005.05.005","article-title":"Dimerization of chemokine receptors and its functional consequences","volume":"16","author":"Springael","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7654","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.11.7654-7662.1996","article-title":"Infection of primary human microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates: evidence of differential tropism","volume":"70","author":"Strizki","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4962","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.6.4962-4969.1998","article-title":"Expression of CCR5 increases during monocyte differentiation and directly mediates macrophage susceptibility to infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1","volume":"72","author":"Tuttle","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199309000-00004","article-title":"Male donor-derived cells in the brains of female sex-mismatched bone marrow transplant recipients: a Y-chromosome specific in situ hybridization study","volume":"52","author":"Unger","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1006\/exmp.2000.2336","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of CCR2, CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4 in the human brain: potential mechanisms for HIV dementia","volume":"69","author":"van der Meer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.6.1896-1905.2002","article-title":"Emergence of resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in patients receiving fusion inhibitor (T-20) monotherapy","volume":"46","author":"Wei","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib63","first-page":"659","article-title":"Chemokine receptor expression on resident and inflammatory cells in the brain of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus encephalitis","volume":"152","author":"Westmoreland","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7089","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.18.7089","article-title":"Cellular localization of human immunodeficiency virus infection within the brains of acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients","volume":"83","author":"Wiley","year":"1986","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.3.2059-2071.1997","article-title":"In vivo compartmentalization of human immunodeficiency virus: evidence from the examination of pol sequences from autopsy tissues","volume":"71","author":"Wong","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.185.9.1681","article-title":"CCR5 levels and expression pattern correlate with infectability by macrophage-tropic HIV-1, in vitro","volume":"185","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)65542-3","article-title":"Immunohistochemical study of the beta-chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR5 and their ligands in normal and Alzheimer's disease brains","volume":"153","author":"Xia","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.3.1113-1119.2005","article-title":"Emergence and evolution of enfuvirtide resistance following long-term therapy involves heptad repeat 2 mutations within gp41","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682205007269?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682205007269?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T23:40:13Z","timestamp":1758584413000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0042682205007269"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0042682205007269"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6822","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"HIV-1 tropism for the central nervous system: Brain-derived envelope glycoproteins with lower CD4 dependence and reduced sensitivity to a fusion inhibitor","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2005.10.031","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}