{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T11:45:35Z","timestamp":1791287135016,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]],"date-time":"2014-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":365,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R21 AI077077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 AI077077"]}]},{"name":"NIH","award":["U01 AI082660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01 AI082660"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,10]],"date-time":"2014-01-10T01:46:48Z","timestamp":1389318408000},"page":"278-289","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Subcapsular sinus macrophages limit dissemination of West Nile virus particles after inoculation but are not essential for the development of West Nile virus-specific T cell responses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"450-451","author":[{"given":"Evandro R.","family":"Winkelmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas G.","family":"Widman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingya","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nico","family":"van Rooijen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter W.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nigel","family":"Bourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregg N.","family":"Milligan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V93.2.590","article-title":"Definition of dendritic cell subpopulations present in the spleen, Peyer's Patches, lymph nodes, and skin of the mouse","volume":"93","author":"Anjuere","year":"1999","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.1086\/657416","article-title":"A paradoxical role for neutrophils in the pathogenesis of West Nile virus","volume":"202","author":"Bai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1853","article-title":"CD169(+) macrophages present lipid antigens to mediate early activation of iNKT cells in lymph nodes","volume":"11","author":"Barral","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01718310","article-title":"West Nile virus neuroinvasion and encephalitis induced by macrophage depletion in mice","volume":"141","author":"Ben-Nathan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9100","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00316-07","article-title":"Early production of type I interferon during West Nile virus infection: role for lymphoid tissues in IRF3-independent interferon production","volume":"81","author":"Bourne","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737196","article-title":"Protective capacity and epitope specificity of CD8 (+) T cells responding to lethal West Nile virus infection","volume":"37","author":"Brien","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002230","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) shapes both innate and CD8+ T cell immune responses against West Nile Virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Brien","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00368-7","article-title":"West Nile virus","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.06.007","article-title":"B cells acquire particulate antigen in a macrophage-rich area at the boundary between the follicle and the subcapsular sinus of the lymph node","volume":"27","author":"Carrasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9551","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00879-07","article-title":"Antibody recognition of cell surface-associated NS1 triggers Fc-\u03b3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis and clearance of West Nile virus-infected cells","volume":"81","author":"Chung","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/jlb.47.3.251","article-title":"Repopulation of macrophages in popliteal lymph nodes of mice after liposome-mediated depletion","volume":"47","author":"Delemarre","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00676.x","article-title":"The structural immunology of antibody protection against West Nile virus","volume":"225","author":"Diamond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1993.1212","article-title":"Both human and mouse cells expressing H-2Kb and ovalbumin process the same peptide, SIINFEKL","volume":"150","author":"Falk","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.02.036","article-title":"Evaluation of replicative capacity and genetic stability of West Nile virus replicons using highly efficient packaging cell lines","volume":"351","author":"Fayzulin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2809","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200939389","article-title":"Depletion of macrophages in mice results in higher dengue virus titers and highlights the role of macrophages for virus control","volume":"39","author":"Fink","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01305-07","article-title":"Establishment and maintenance of the innate antiviral response to West Nile virus involves both RIG-I and MDA5 signaling through IPS-1","volume":"82","author":"Fredericksen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.11.034","article-title":"West Nile virus genome amplification requires the functional activities of the proteasome","volume":"385","author":"Gilfoy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2007.11.012","article-title":"Lymph node mapping in the mouse","volume":"332","author":"Harrell","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2610","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802806","article-title":"NKp44 receptor mediates interaction of the envelope glycoproteins from the West Nile and dengue viruses with NK cells","volume":"183","author":"Hershkovitz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"5904","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1164206","article-title":"Batf3 deficiency reveals a critical role for CD8a+ dendritic cells in cytotoxic T cell immunity","volume":"322","author":"Hildner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(94)90169-4","article-title":"T cell receptor antagonist peptides induce positive selection","volume":"76","author":"Hogquist","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.010","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of a chimeric pseudoinfectious virus vaccine to prevent Japanese encephalitis","volume":"26","author":"Ishikawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06287","article-title":"Subcapsular sinus macrophages in lymph nodes clear lymph-borne viruses and present them to antiviral B cells","volume":"450","author":"Junt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2007.0072","article-title":"West Nile virus attenuates activation of primary human macrophages","volume":"21","author":"Kong","year":"2008","journal-title":"Viral Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1991.12","article-title":"Functional analysis of macrophages, B cells, and splenic dendrititc cells as antigen-presenting cells in West Nile virus-specific murine T lymphocyte proliferation","volume":"69","author":"Kulkarni","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.1086\/518007","article-title":"Dengue virus infects macrophages and dendritic cells in a mouse model of infection","volume":"195","author":"Kyle","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7186","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00396-11","article-title":"Beta interferon controls West Nile virus infection and pathogenesis in mice","volume":"85","author":"Lazear","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11401","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01403-13","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptor MDA5 modulates CD8+ T cell-dependent clearance of West Nile virus from the central nervous system","volume":"87","author":"Lazear","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib29","first-page":"1101","article-title":"Flaviviridae: the viruses and their replication","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Lindenbach","year":"2007"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3361","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02368-12","article-title":"CD22 is required for protection against West Nile virus infection","volume":"87","author":"Ma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. VIrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2011.11.001","article-title":"CD169+ macrophages at the crossroads of antigen presentation","volume":"33","author":"Martinez-Pomares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.04.003","article-title":"Production and characterization of vaccines based on flaviviruses defective in replication","volume":"351","author":"Mason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1711.2002.01071.x","article-title":"Characterization of two TCR transgenic mouse lines specific for herpes simplex virus","volume":"80","author":"Mueller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2010.10.069","article-title":"Immunogenicity of RepliVAX WN, a novel single-cycle West Nile virus vaccine","volume":"29","author":"Nelson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002407","article-title":"A temporal role of type I interferon signaling in CD8+ T cell maturation during acute West Nile virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLos Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12138","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00375-12","article-title":"Trafficking and replication patterns reveal splenic macrophages as major targets of dengue virus in mice","volume":"86","author":"Prestwood","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200737192","article-title":"Antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect against lethal West Nile virus encephalitis","volume":"37","author":"Purtha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10964","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01646-08","article-title":"Early B-cell activation after West Nile virus infection requires alpha\/beta interferon but not antigen receptor signaling","volume":"82","author":"Purtha","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2001.tb02704.x","article-title":"Antibody prophylaxis and therapy for flavivirus encephalitis infections","volume":"951","author":"Roehrig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7009","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00489-06","article-title":"PKR and RNase L contribute to protection against lethal West Nile virus infection by controlling early viral spread in the periphery and replication in neurons","volume":"80","author":"Samuel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000757","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000757","article-title":"IPS-1 is essential for the control of West Nile virus infection and immunity","volume":"6","author":"Suthar","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003168","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003168","article-title":"A systems biology approach reveals that tissue tropism to West Nile virus is regulated by antiviral genes and innate immune cellular processes","volume":"9","author":"Suthar","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01891-08","article-title":"Construction and characterization of a single-cycle chimeric flavivirus vaccine candidate that protects mice against lethal challenge with dengue virus type 2","volume":"83","author":"Suzuki","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2009.00881.x","article-title":"Unraveling the functions of plasmacytoid dendritic cells during viral infections, autoimmunity, and tolerance","volume":"234","author":"Swiecki","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(94)90012-4","article-title":"Liposome mediated depletion of macrophages: mechanism of action, preparation of liposomes and applications","volume":"174","author":"van Rooijen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2524","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.5.2524","article-title":"IFN-gamma-producing gamma delta T cells help control murine West Nile virus infection","volume":"171","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1140","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 3 mediates West Nile virus entry into the brain causing lethal encephalitis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.011783-0","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 7-induced immune response to cutaneous West Nile virus infection","volume":"90","author":"Welte","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(08)00402-8","article-title":"Third-generation flavivirus vaccines based on single-cycle, encapsidation-defective viruses","volume":"72","author":"Widman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Virus Res."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.03.009","article-title":"Construction and characterization of a second-generation pseudoinfectious West Nile virus vaccine propagated using a new cultivation system","volume":"26","author":"Widman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2011.12.103","article-title":"Intrinsic adjuvanting of a novel single-cycle flavivirus vaccine in the absence of tyhpe I interferon receptor signaling","volume":"30","author":"Winkelmann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682213006843?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682213006843?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:25:14Z","timestamp":1758587114000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0042682213006843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0042682213006843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6822","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Subcapsular sinus macrophages limit dissemination of West Nile virus particles after inoculation but are not essential for the development of West Nile virus-specific T cell responses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2013.12.021","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}