{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:40:32Z","timestamp":1777462832281,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Swiss Federal Veterinary Office","award":["# 1.11.04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["# 1.11.04"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,25]],"date-time":"2015-10-25T02:49:59Z","timestamp":1445741399000},"page":"50-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Generation of a molecular clone of an attenuated lentivirus, a first step in understanding cytopathogenicity and virulence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"487","author":[{"given":"Laure","family":"Blatti-Cardinaux","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuliano","family":"Pisoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Stoffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reto","family":"Zanoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie-Luise","family":"Zahno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1469-4723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Bertoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025105116342","article-title":"Evidence for recombination in the envelope gene of maedi-visna virus","volume":"27","author":"Andresdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.12.010","article-title":"A novel deletion in the LTR region of a Greek small ruminant lentivirus may be associated with low pathogenicity","volume":"118","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.01.025","article-title":"A deletion in the R region of long terminal repeats in small ruminant lentiviruses is associated with decreased pathology in the lung","volume":"175","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-004-0436-2","article-title":"Cellular specificity and replication rate of Maedi Visna virus in vitro can be controlled by LTR sequences","volume":"150","author":"Barros","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VIRU.0000036380.01957.37","article-title":"Genomic characterization of a slow\/low maedi visna virus","volume":"29","author":"Barros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib6","series-title":"Recent Advances in Goat Diseases","article-title":"Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis complex","author":"Bertoni","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib7","series-title":"Lentiviruses and Macrophages: Molecular and Cellular Interactions","first-page":"277","article-title":"Small ruminant lentiviruses and cross-species transmission","author":"Bertoni","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.11.017","article-title":"Virological and phylogenetic characterization of attenuated small ruminant lentivirus isolates eluding efficient serological detection","volume":"162","author":"Cardinaux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-65","article-title":"Characterization of small ruminant lentivirus A4 subtype isolates and assessment of their pathogenic potential in naturally infected goats","volume":"11","author":"Deubelbeiss","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(05)80151-4","article-title":"A DNA fingerprinting band associated with the susceptibility to CAE virus-induced arthritis in goats","volume":"150","author":"Dolf","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib11","series-title":"PHYLIP \u2013 Phylogeny Inference Package (version 3.5c: distributed by the author)","author":"Felsenstein","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib12","first-page":"2728","article-title":"Regulation of the visna virus long terminal repeat in macrophages involves cellular factors that bind sequences containing AP-1 sites","volume":"9","author":"Gabuzda","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.08.027","article-title":"Visna\/Maedi virus genetic characterization and serological diagnosis of infection in sheep from a neurological outbreak","volume":"155","author":"Glaria","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15038","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.24.15038-15042.2005","article-title":"Simultaneous mutations in CA and Vif of Maedi-Visna virus cause attenuated replication in macrophages and reduced infectivity in vivo","volume":"79","author":"Gudmundsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002467","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002467","article-title":"Reduced lentivirus susceptibility in sheep with TMEM154 mutations","volume":"8","author":"Heaton","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.60.2.385-393.1986","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence and transcriptional activity of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat","volume":"60","author":"Hess","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.63.7.3001-3015.1989","article-title":"Sequences in the visna virus long terminal repeat that control transcriptional activity and respond to viral trans-activation: Involvement of AP-1 sites in basal activity and trans- activation","volume":"63","author":"Hess","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S47","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-010-9390-5","article-title":"LTR promoter activity of SRLV genotype E, strain Roccaverano","volume":"34","author":"Juganaru","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bts199","article-title":"Geneious basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data","volume":"28","author":"Kearse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.11.006","article-title":"Identification and characterization of an emerging small ruminant lentivirus circulating recombinant form (CRF)","volume":"475","author":"L\u05f3Homme","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.3390\/v5082043","article-title":"Retroviral infections in sheep and goats: small ruminant lentiviruses and host interaction","volume":"5","author":"Larruskain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.07.001","article-title":"How HIV-1 Gag assembles in cells: Putting together pieces of the puzzle","volume":"193","author":"Lingappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.73.1.152-160.1999","article-title":"Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C-infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination","volume":"73","author":"Lole","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2014.00312","article-title":"Role of Gag and lipids during HIV-1 assembly in CD4(+) T cells and macrophages","volume":"5","author":"Mariani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/vev003","article-title":"RDP4: Detection and analysis of recombination patterns in virus genomes","volume":"1","author":"Martin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.41.1.67-73.1983","article-title":"Activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus expression during maturation of monocytes to macrophages","volume":"41","author":"Narayan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-59-2-345","article-title":"Slow virus replication: the role of macrophages in the persistence and expression of visna viruses of sheep and goats","volume":"59","author":"Narayan","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.62.8.2578-2586.1988","article-title":"Cytoplasmic assembly and accumulation of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 in recombinant human colony-stimulating factor-1-treated human monocytes: an ultrastructural study","volume":"62","author":"Orenstein","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4052","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02319-06","article-title":"Duplicated sequence motif in the long terminal repeat of maedi-visna virus extends cell tropism and is associated with neurovirulence","volume":"81","author":"Oskarsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4948","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00126-07","article-title":"Demonstration of coinfection with and recombination by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus and maedi-visna virus in naturally infected goats","volume":"81","author":"Pisoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.06.013","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus subtype B1 in mixed flocks: evidence for natural transmission from goats to sheep","volume":"339","author":"Pisoni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2010.09.005","article-title":"Recombinant small ruminant lentivirus subtype B1 in goats and sheep of imported breeds in Mexico","volume":"190","author":"Ramirez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01627-08","article-title":"Genome analysis of small-ruminant lentivirus genotype E: a caprine lentivirus with natural deletions of the dUTPase subunit, vpr-like accessory gene, and 70-base-pair repeat of the U3 region","volume":"83","author":"Reina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00364227","article-title":"Evidence for linkage between the caprine leucocyte antigen (CLA) system and susceptibility to CAE virus-induced arthritis in goats","volume":"28","author":"Ruff","year":"1988","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10096","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.21.10096-10103.2000","article-title":"Infection of dendritic cells by the Maedi-Visna lentivirus","volume":"74","author":"Ryan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2003.09.047","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis and reclassification of caprine and ovine lentiviruses based on 104 new isolates: evidence for regular sheep-to-goat transmission and worldwide propagation through livestock trade","volume":"319","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7518","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.14.7518-7522.2004","article-title":"Direct evidence for natural transmission of small-ruminant lentiviruses of subtype A4 from goats to sheep and vice versa","volume":"78","author":"Shah","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1006\/viro.1996.8432","article-title":"Regulation of the long terminal repeat in visna virus by a transcription factor related to the AML\/PEBP2\/CBF superfamily","volume":"229","author":"Sutton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msr121","article-title":"MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods","volume":"28","author":"Tamura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0706737","article-title":"The challenge of HIV-1 subtype diversity","volume":"358","author":"Taylor","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4522","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.6.4522-4530.1997","article-title":"dUTPase-minus caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is attenuated for pathogenesis and accumulates G-to-A substitutions","volume":"71","author":"Turelli","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.70.2.1213-1217.1996","article-title":"Replication properties of dUTPase-deficient mutants of caprine and ovine lentiviruses","volume":"70","author":"Turelli","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6822(02)00076-4","article-title":"Lack of trans-activation function for Maedi Visna virus and Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus Tat proteins","volume":"307","author":"Villet","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/age.12107","article-title":"Deletion variant near ZNF389 is associated with control of ovine lentivirus in multiple sheep flocks","volume":"45","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."}],"container-title":["Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682215004274?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682215004274?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T00:33:35Z","timestamp":1758587615000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0042682215004274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S0042682215004274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6822","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Generation of a molecular clone of an attenuated lentivirus, a first step in understanding cytopathogenicity and virulence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2015.09.027","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}