{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T03:23:18Z","timestamp":1773890598177,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014690","name":"Ministry of Culture and Science of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["14-76103-184"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-76103-184"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101102733"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101102733"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018693","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ICRAD\/I\/8\/MUSECoV\/2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ICRAD\/I\/8\/MUSECoV\/2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre Poland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/33\/B\/NZ9\/02018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020655","name":"European Health and Digital Executive Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004143","name":"State Studies Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P-PD-22-116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P-PD-22-116"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010570","name":"Nieders\u00e4chsisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10FF22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10FF22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010570","name":"Nieders\u00e4chsisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7FF22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7FF22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010570","name":"Nieders\u00e4chsisches Ministerium f\u00fcr Wissenschaft und Kultur","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["6FF22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["6FF22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010570","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Federal Ministry of Education and Research Bonn Office","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01KX2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01KX2121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:46:05Z","timestamp":1764290765000},"page":"110763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Spumigins produced by Nodularia spumigena are natural serine protease inhibitors with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"615","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0895-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Milewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Konkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"P\u00f6hlmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Szczepa\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Fr\u00f6hlich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Popowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donata","family":"Overlinge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Mazur-Marzec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Pyr\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557053402783","article-title":"The highly specific carbohydrate-binding protein cyanovirin-N: structure, anti-HIV\/Ebola activity and possibilities for therapy","volume":"5","author":"Barrientos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-3542(02)00183-3","article-title":"Cyanovirin-N binds to the viral surface glycoprotein, GP1,2 and inhibits infectivity of ebola virus","volume":"58","author":"Barrientos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025858","article-title":"A vesicular stomatitis virus replicon-based bioassay for the rapid and sensitive determination of multi-species type I interferon","volume":"6","author":"Berger Rentsch","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01877-1","article-title":"Rapid evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against symptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants by analysis of genetic distance","volume":"28","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib5","unstructured":"J. R. Casanova, A. J. L. Villaraza, L. Salvador-Reyes, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of cyanobacterial-inspired Peptides."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01036-y","article-title":"COVID-19 drug discovery and treatment options","volume":"22","author":"Chan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-021-00283-5","article-title":"mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation","volume":"20","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib8","article-title":"Efficacy of adjuvant-associated COVID-19 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in randomized controlled trials: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Cheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltim.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jnatprod.2c00015","article-title":"Marine natural products as leads against SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"85","author":"Chhetri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045","article-title":"Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR","volume":"25","author":"Corman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01495","article-title":"Cyanobacterial allelochemicals but not cyanobacterial cells markedly reduce microbial community diversity","volume":"8","author":"Dias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-022-00074-6","article-title":"Pan-coronavirus vaccine pipeline takes form","volume":"21","author":"Dolgin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"924","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2009.06816.x","article-title":"The non-ribosomal assembly and frequent occurrence of the protease inhibitors spumigins in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena","volume":"73","author":"Fewer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073618","article-title":"New structural variants of aeruginosin produced by the toxic bloom forming cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena","volume":"8","author":"Fewer","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5502","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00128-13","article-title":"The spike protein of the emerging betacoronavirus EMC uses a novel coronavirus receptor for entry, can be activated by TMPRSS2, and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies","volume":"87","author":"Gierer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02232-10","article-title":"Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response","volume":"85","author":"Glowacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103255","article-title":"Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity","volume":"65","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0040-4020(99)00621-3","article-title":"Aeruginosins, protease inhibitors from the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"55","author":"Ishida","year":"1999","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01815-18","article-title":"TMPRSS2 contributes to virus spread and immunopathology in the airways of murine models after coronavirus infection","volume":"93","author":"Iwata-Yoshikawa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.30.1573","article-title":"Anti-herpes simplex virus target of an acidic polysaccharide, nostoflan, from the edible blue-green alga Nostoc flagelliforme","volume":"30","author":"Kanekiyo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2023.105731","article-title":"Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of cyanopeptolins produced by Nostoc edaphicum CCNP1411","volume":"219","author":"Konkel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-023-00672-y","article-title":"Therapeutic strategies for COVID-19: progress and lessons learned","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.21173","article-title":"Multivalent interactions with gp120 are required for the anti-HIV activity of cyanovirin","volume":"92","author":"Liu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2646","DOI":"10.1021\/cb500436p","article-title":"4-methylproline guided natural product discovery: Co-occurrence of 4-hydroxy-and 4-methylprolines in nostoweipeptins and nostopeptolides","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/md21040217","article-title":"Diversity, biosynthesis and bioactivity of aeruginosins, a family of Cyanobacteria-derived nonribosomal linear tetrapeptides","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1021\/cb500505m","article-title":"Toxicity of protein oligomers is rationalized by a function combining size and surface hydrophobicity","volume":"9","author":"Mannini","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12658","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01542-10","article-title":"Efficient activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by the transmembrane protease TMPRSS2","volume":"84","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/md11010001","article-title":"Diversity of peptides produced by Nodularia spumigena from various geographical regions","volume":"11","author":"Mazur-Marzec","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/md14110209","article-title":"Chemical and genetic diversity of Nodularia spumigena from the Baltic sea","volume":"14","author":"Mazur-Marzec","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01933-17","article-title":"Entry of human coronavirus NL63 into the cell","volume":"92","author":"Milewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aba9902","article-title":"Kallikrein 13 serves as a priming protease during infection by the human coronavirus HKU1","volume":"13","author":"Milewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Signal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05522-2","article-title":"The WHO estimates of excess mortality associated with the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"613","author":"Msemburi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3390\/md22110506","article-title":"Aeruginosin 525 (AER525) from cyanobacterium aphanizomenon Sp. (KUCC C2): a new serine proteases inhibitor","volume":"22","author":"Overling\u0117","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2022.105484","article-title":"Discovery of lead natural products for developing pan-SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics","volume":"209","author":"P\u00e9rez-Vargas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1021\/np010597b","article-title":"Three novel protease inhibitors from a natural bloom of the cyanobacterium microcystis aeruginosa","volume":"65","author":"Ploutno","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a118408","author":"Reed","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.11.012","article-title":"Wild-type human coronaviruses prefer cell-surface TMPRSS2 to endosomal cathepsins for cell entry","volume":"517","author":"Shirato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10113159","article-title":"Identification of cellular factors required for SARS-CoV-2 replication","volume":"10","author":"Synowiec","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib40","article-title":"Bioactive natural products in COVID-19 therapy","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03613-4","article-title":"Peptidomimetic inhibitors of TMPRSS2 block SARS-CoV-2 infection in cell culture","volume":"5","author":"Wettstein","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1021\/np060303s","article-title":"Cyclic depsipeptides, ichthyopeptins A and B, from microcystis ichthyoblabe","volume":"70","author":"Zainuddin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/md16110413","article-title":"Synthesis and evaluation of spumigin analogues library with thrombin inhibitory activity","volume":"16","author":"\u017dula","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"}],"container-title":["Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682225003770?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042682225003770?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:13:55Z","timestamp":1773879235000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0042682225003770"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0042682225003770"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6822","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Spumigins produced by Nodularia spumigena are natural serine protease inhibitors with anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2025.110763","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110763"}}