{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T18:48:19Z","timestamp":1792608499146,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004605","name":"Zhengzhou University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004605","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T22:59:04Z","timestamp":1778108344000},"page":"110927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["H5N1 avian influenza in dairy cattle: Molecular adaptation, transmission mechanisms, and control strategies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"621","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1372-2884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaidi","family":"Ding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387251413563","article-title":"Salpingitis and multiorgan lesions caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in a cat associated with consumption of recalled raw milk in California","author":"Acevedo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1013903","article-title":"Structural analysis of antigenic variation and adaptive evolution of the H5N1 neuraminidase gene","volume":"22","author":"Adegbaju","year":"2026","journal-title":"PLoS Comput. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1221883","article-title":"A longitudinal study of bovine viral diarrhea virus in a semi-closed management dairy cattle herd, 2020-2022","volume":"10","author":"Al-Mubarak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2024.104653","article-title":"Effectiveness of pasteurization for the inactivation of H5N1 influenza virus in raw whole milk","volume":"125","author":"Alkie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08166-6","article-title":"Dairy cows inoculated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1","volume":"637","author":"Baker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib6","article-title":"Enhancing the response to avian influenza in the US and globally","volume":"46","author":"Bartlett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health, Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101230","article-title":"Attachment and replication of clade 2.3.4.4b influenza A (H5N1) viruses in human respiratory epithelium: an in-vitro study","volume":"7","author":"Bauer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2542247","article-title":"Identification of amino acid residues in polymerase PB2 responsible for differential replication and pathogenicity of avian influenza virus H5N1 isolated from human and cattle in Texas, US","volume":"14","author":"Bayoumi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101070","article-title":"Ocular infectivity and replication of a clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) influenza virus associated with human conjunctivitis in a dairy farm worker in the USA: an in-vitro and ferret study","volume":"6","author":"Belser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3987","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04020-y","article-title":"Better models mean better risk assessment for influenza A infection","volume":"31","author":"Belser","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2025.149723","article-title":"The emerging pandemic threat of H5N1: evolutionary adaptations for human transmission, zoonotic spillovers and surveillance gaps","volume":"967","author":"Bhojani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.002007","article-title":"H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b avian influenza viruses replicate in differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells cultured at air-liquid interface","volume":"105","author":"Bordes","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib13","article-title":"Avian influenza viruses: global panzootic, host range expansion and emerging one-health threats","volume":"13","author":"Bruno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240508","article-title":"Highly pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b virus infection in domestic dairy cattle and cats, United States, 2024","volume":"30","author":"Burrough","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2426","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3011.240772","article-title":"Influenza A(H5N1) virus resilience in milk after thermal inactivation","volume":"30","author":"Caceres","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib16","series-title":"Surveillance on California Dairy Farms Reveals Multiple Sources of H5N1 Transmission","author":"Campbell","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07849-4","article-title":"Spillover of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus to dairy cattle","volume":"634","author":"Caserta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/asmcr.00134-25","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus infection in an immunocompromised domestic cat","volume":"1","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"ASM Case Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib19","article-title":"Rapid risk assessment to address emerging concerns of HPAI in raw and pasteurized milk","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08822-5","article-title":"Receptor-binding specificity of a bovine influenza A virus","volume":"640","author":"Chopra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2440498","article-title":"Marked neurotropism and potential adaptation of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4.b virus in naturally infected domestic cats","volume":"14","author":"Chothe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v13061166","article-title":"Virus adaptation following experimental infection of chickens with a domestic duck low pathogenic Avian Influenza isolate from the 2017 USA H7N9 outbreak identifies polymorphic mutations in multiple gene segments","volume":"13","author":"Chrzastek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-026-68306-6","article-title":"Polymerase mutations underlie early adaptation of H5N1 influenza virus to dairy cattle and other mammals","volume":"17","author":"Dholakia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-07766-6","article-title":"Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine H5N1 influenza virus","volume":"633","author":"Eisfeld","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6771","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61757-3","article-title":"Genotype B3.13 influenza A(H5N1) viruses isolated from dairy cattle demonstrate high virulence in laboratory models, but retain avian virus-like properties","volume":"16","author":"Fabrizio","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3108.250309","article-title":"Isolation of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus from Cat urine after raw milk ingestion, United States","volume":"31","author":"Frye","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2023.101363","article-title":"Role of the viral polymerase during adaptation of influenza A viruses to new hosts","volume":"62","author":"Gilbertson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v16091376","article-title":"Detection and monitoring of highly pathogenic influenza A virus 2.3.4.4b outbreak in dairy cattle in the United States","volume":"16","author":"Gimenez-Lirola","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v17101318","article-title":"Pasteurized milk serves as a passive surveillance tool for highly pathogenic Avian influenza virus in dairy cattle","volume":"17","author":"Gontu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib30","article-title":"Multisystemic manifestations of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) in a young domestic shorthair cat","volume":"11","author":"Granger","year":"2025","journal-title":"JFMS Open Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08254-7","article-title":"A human isolate of bovine H5N1 is transmissible and lethal in animal models","volume":"636","author":"Gu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08063-y","article-title":"H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b dynamics in experimentally infected calves and cows","volume":"637","author":"Halwe","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads1273","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads1273","article-title":"An influenza mRNA vaccine protects ferrets from lethal infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus","volume":"16","author":"Hatta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadw4646","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.adw4646","article-title":"A replicating RNA vaccine protects cynomolgus macaques against lethal clade 2.3.4.4b influenza A H5N1 virus challenge","volume":"17","author":"Hawman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skaa391","article-title":"Hygiene management in newborn individually housed dairy calves focusing on housing and feeding practices","volume":"99","author":"Heinemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.03989-24","article-title":"Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 neuraminidase has a long stalk, which is in contrast to most highly pathogenic H5N1 viruses circulating between 2002 and 2020","volume":"16","author":"Hermann","year":"2025","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111766","article-title":"The thermal stability of influenza viruses in milk","volume":"16","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2380421","article-title":"Genomic characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza A H5N1 virus newly emerged in dairy cattle","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2547736","article-title":"Cattle H5N1 outbreak in US driven by cow's \"cross-nursing\" behaviour: elucidating a novel transmission mechanism","volume":"14","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens15010006","article-title":"Influenza A virus H5N1 subtype: resurgent interspecies and intercontinental transmission, and a new host","volume":"15","author":"Husain","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41476-3","article-title":"Creating resistance to avian influenza infection through genome editing of the ANP32 gene family","volume":"14","author":"Idoko-Akoh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05147-z","article-title":"The emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle: implications for public health, animal health, and pandemic preparedness","volume":"44","author":"Kamel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.25.2400063","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections on fur farms connected to mass mortalities of black-headed gulls, Finland, July to October 2023","volume":"29","author":"Kareinen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74462-1","article-title":"Is intersucking in dairy cows the continuation of a habit developed in early life?","volume":"84","author":"Keil","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01940-24","article-title":"Influenza infection of the mammary gland","volume":"99","author":"Kelvin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.34133\/research.1104","article-title":"Protective efficacy of a hemagglutinin-based mRNA vaccine against H5N1 influenza virus challenge in lactating dairy cows","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2026","journal-title":"Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3009.240696","article-title":"Avian and human influenza A virus receptors in bovine mammary gland","volume":"30","author":"Kristensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2509742","article-title":"Pathogenicity and transmissibility of bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus in pigs","volume":"14","author":"Kwon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0325203","article-title":"Amplicon sequencing of pasteurized retail dairy enables genomic surveillance of H5N1 avian influenza virus in United States cattle","volume":"20","author":"Lail","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2420731","article-title":"Survivability of H5N1 avian influenza virus in homemade yogurt, cheese and whey","volume":"13","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eady2282","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ady2282","article-title":"An intramuscular prime and mucosal boost vaccine regimen protects against lethal clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 challenge in cynomolgus macaques","volume":"17","author":"Lasrado","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3008.240775","article-title":"Persistence of influenza H5N1 and H1N1 viruses in unpasteurized milk on milking unit surfaces","volume":"30","author":"Le Sage","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.25153","article-title":"Mammalian adaptation and zoonotic risk of influenza A viruses in companion animals","volume":"26","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111328","article-title":"Impact of pH and temperature in dairy processing on the infectivity of H5N1 avian influenza viruses","volume":"441","author":"Lenz-Ajuh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00795-25","article-title":"Development of DNA and mRNA-LNP vaccines against an H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b influenza virus","volume":"99","author":"Leonard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adr5866","article-title":"Stop H5N1 influenza in US cattle now","volume":"385","author":"Lewis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adt0180","article-title":"A single mutation in bovine influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin switches specificity to human receptors","volume":"386","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6513","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2024-26222","article-title":"Invited review: the one Health challenges and opportunities of the H5N1 outbreak in dairy cattle in the United States","volume":"108","author":"Lombard","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16474","article-title":"Species difference in ANP32A underlies influenza A virus polymerase host restriction","volume":"529","author":"Long","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.922-928","article-title":"Impacts of self- and cross-sucking on cattle health and performance","volume":"9","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15213064","article-title":"Main husbandry practices and health conditions that affect welfare in calves: a narrative review","volume":"15","author":"Mainau","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1804","article-title":"Adaptive mutations in NEP compensate for defective H5N1 RNA replication in cultured human cells","volume":"3","author":"Manz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.3168\/jdsc.2024-0634","article-title":"Hot topic: avian influenza subtype H5N1 in US dairy-A preliminary dairy foods perspective","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2024","journal-title":"JDS Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-025-01063-7","article-title":"Influenza A virus in dairy cattle: infection biology and potential mammary gland-targeted vaccines","volume":"10","author":"Martins","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.06.007","article-title":"An inhibitory activity in human cells restricts the function of an avian-like influenza virus polymerase","volume":"4","author":"Mehle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib66","article-title":"Susceptibility of bovine respiratory and mammary epithelial cells to avian and mammalian derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses","author":"Meliopoulos","year":"2025","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v17030307","article-title":"The impact of highly pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in the United States: a scoping review of past detections and present outbreaks","volume":"17","author":"Mena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2023.2257810","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus (HPAIV) H5N1 infection in two European grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) with encephalitis","volume":"12","author":"Mirolo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v17121535","article-title":"Inactivation of influenza A viruses (H1N1, H5N1) during grana-type raw milk cheesemaking: implications for foodborne transmission risk","volume":"17","author":"Moreno","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02542-24","article-title":"Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus in dairy cattle: origin, evolution, and cross-species transmission","volume":"15","author":"Mostafa","year":"2024","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2025.104853","article-title":"Examining the survival of A(H5N1) influenza virus in thermised whole milk","volume":"132","author":"Nasheri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3201\/eid3007.240689","article-title":"Sialic acid receptor specificity in mammary gland of dairy cattle infected with highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus","volume":"30","author":"Nelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadq0900","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adq0900","article-title":"Emergence and interstate spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in dairy cattle in the United States","volume":"388","author":"Nguyen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3558","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58882-4","article-title":"Prevention and control of avian influenza virus: recent advances in diagnostic technologies and surveillance strategies","volume":"16","author":"Niu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58219-1","article-title":"Thermal inactivation spectrum of influenza A H5N1 virus in raw milk","volume":"16","author":"Nooruzzaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14030278","article-title":"Comprehensive insights into highly pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N1 in dairy cattle: transmission dynamics, milk-borne risks, public health implications, biosecurity recommendations, and one health strategies for outbreak control","volume":"14","author":"Owusu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib77","article-title":"Editorial: concerns as Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype is identified in dairy cows and other mammals","volume":"30","author":"Parums","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08054-z","article-title":"The global H5N1 influenza panzootic in mammals","volume":"637","author":"Peacock","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00213-23","article-title":"Mammalian ANP32A and ANP32B proteins drive differential polymerase adaptations in Avian influenza virus","volume":"97","author":"Peacock","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-61553-z","article-title":"The impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection on dairy cows","volume":"16","author":"Pena-Mosca","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1186\/s40659-024-00570-6","article-title":"Are we cultivating the perfect storm for a human avian influenza pandemic?","volume":"57","author":"Perez-Acle","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2025.1613869","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza: pandemic preparedness for a scenario of high lethality with no vaccines","volume":"13","author":"Possas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08246-7","article-title":"Transmission of a human isolate of clade 2.3.4.4b A(H5N1) virus in ferrets","volume":"636","author":"Pulit-Penaloza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2332667","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus of clade 2.3.4.4b isolated from a human case in Chile causes fatal disease and transmits between co-housed ferrets","volume":"13","author":"Pulit-Penaloza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"veae111","DOI":"10.1093\/ve\/veae111","article-title":"Recurring incursions and dissemination of novel eurasian-origin H5Nx avian influenza viruses in Atlantic Canada","volume":"10","author":"Rahman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virus Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01052-24","article-title":"The mammary glands of cows abundantly display receptors for circulating avian H5 viruses","volume":"98","author":"Rios Carrasco","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6349","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2025-26377","article-title":"Characterization and health, productivity, and economic effects of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreak in dairy cattle","volume":"108","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.6026\/973206300210544","article-title":"An overview on H5N1 virus: recent outbreaks and challenges","volume":"21","author":"Rukadikar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-022-03283-8","article-title":"A novel surgical technique for prevention of self-sucking in cattle and buffaloes: tongue piercing","volume":"18","author":"Salman","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani15131963","article-title":"Highly pathogenic Avian influenza (H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b in cattle: a rising one health concern","volume":"15","author":"Sanchez-Rojas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E18","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-08821-6","article-title":"Bovine H5N1 binds poorly to human-type sialic acid receptors","volume":"640","author":"Santos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56406-8","article-title":"Pasteurisation temperatures effectively inactivate influenza A viruses in milk","volume":"16","author":"Schafers","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X251370695","article-title":"Feline high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 infection: past and present","volume":"27","author":"Schlachter","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41308-4","article-title":"An Influenza A virus can evolve to use human ANP32E through altering polymerase dimerization","volume":"14","author":"Sheppard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nwaf262","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwaf262","article-title":"H5N1 virus invades the mammary glands of dairy cattle through 'mouth-to-teat' transmission","volume":"12","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070927","article-title":"H5N1 Avian influenza: a narrative review of scientific advances and global Policy challenges","volume":"17","author":"Simancas-Racines","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14090864","article-title":"Comprehensive evolutionary and structural analysis of the H5N1 clade 2.4.3.4b influenza a virus based on the sequences and data mining of the Hemagglutinin, Nucleoprotein and neuraminidase genes across multiple hosts","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.01.019","article-title":"Receptor binding, structure, and tissue tropism of cattle-infecting H5N1 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin","volume":"188","author":"Song","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00217-19","article-title":"ANP32 proteins are essential for influenza virus replication in human cells","volume":"93","author":"Staller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2572697","article-title":"Efficient replication of avian, porcine and human influenza A viruses in well-differentiated bovine airway epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.25.06.0388","article-title":"Companion animals and H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza: cause for concern?","volume":"263","author":"Sykes","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14213071","article-title":"Internet of things (IoT): sensors application in dairy cattle farming","volume":"14","author":"Tangorra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03285-25","article-title":"Primary bovine embryonic fibroblasts demonstrate variable fitness following infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 strains and are susceptible to a recently circulating human 2009 pandemic lineage H1N1 strain","author":"Wenger","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03285-25","article-title":"Primary bovine embryonic fibroblasts demonstrate variable fitness following infection with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 strains and are susceptible to a recently circulating human 2009 pandemic lineage H1N1 strain","volume":"14","author":"Wenger","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.81.16.396","article-title":"A survey of intersucking in dairy herds in England and Wales","volume":"81","author":"Wood","year":"1967","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001034","article-title":"Biological and structural characterization of a host-adapting amino acid in influenza virus","volume":"6","author":"Yamada","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2025.2451052","article-title":"The haemagglutinin gene of bovine-origin H5N1 influenza viruses currently retains receptor-binding and pH-fusion characteristics of avian host phenotype","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00174-19","article-title":"Fundamental contribution and host range determination of ANP32A and ANP32B in influenza A virus polymerase activity","volume":"93","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1688472","article-title":"Third-generation sequencing reveals the spatial variation of microbial composition of airborne bacteria in an intensive dairy farm","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2025.101292","article-title":"An overview of HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b and its emerging threat in mainland Australia: identified knowledge gaps","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib111","article-title":"Field implementation of precision livestock farming: selected proceedings from the 2nd U.S. precision livestock farming conference","volume":"14","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00976-25","article-title":"The hemagglutinin proteins of clades 1 and 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses exhibit comparable attachment patterns to avian and mammalian tissues","volume":"99","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Virol."}],"container-title":["Virology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004268222600142X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S004268222600142X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T08:31:57Z","timestamp":1780302717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S004268222600142X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":112,"alternative-id":["S004268222600142X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6822"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6822","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"H5N1 avian influenza in dairy cattle: Molecular adaptation, transmission mechanisms, and control strategies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virol.2026.110927","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"110927"}}