{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,23]],"date-time":"2026-04-23T02:20:59Z","timestamp":1776910859324,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1685577600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,30]],"date-time":"2023-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682812800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81971936"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81971936"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007046","name":"Wuhan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042021gf0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042021gf0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2042022kf1215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2042022kf1215"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100016359","name":"Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100016359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virologica Sinica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T01:46:53Z","timestamp":1682992013000},"page":"335-343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Antibiotic-induced gut bacteria depletion has no effect on HBV replication in HBV immune tolerance mouse model"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Bu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaitao","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zaichao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingcheng","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanjian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chengliang","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8460-3893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuchen","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1730-4989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.10.015","article-title":"Hallmarks of the human intestinal microbiome on liver maturation and function","volume":"76","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110649","article-title":"Acute and persistent effects of commonly used antibiotics on the gut microbiome and resistome in healthy adults","volume":"39","author":"Anthony","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.01.026","article-title":"Adaptive immunity in HBV infection","volume":"64","author":"Bertoletti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1424775112","article-title":"Age-related immune clearance of hepatitis B virus infection requires the establishment of gut microbiota","volume":"112","author":"Chou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2741","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00006-09","article-title":"Prolonged impact of antibiotics on intestinal microbial ecology and susceptibility to enteric Salmonella infection","volume":"77","author":"Croswell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5554","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03134-12","article-title":"Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer leads to persistent hepatitis B virus replication in mice expressing HLA-A2 and HLA-DR1 molecules","volume":"87","author":"Dion","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.04.013","article-title":"Long-term antibiotic exposure promotes mortality after systemic fungal infection by driving lymphocyte dysfunction and systemic escape of commensal bacteria","volume":"30","author":"Drummond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.766534","article-title":"In vivo mouse models for hepatitis B virus infection and their application","volume":"12","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180448","article-title":"The gut microbiome: relationships with disease and opportunities for therapy","volume":"216","author":"Durack","year":"2019","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.04.006","article-title":"The gut microbiota prime systemic antiviral immunity via the cGAS-STING-IFN-I axis","volume":"55","author":"Erttmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12477","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805268115","article-title":"Biological sex affects vaccine efficacy and protection against influenza in mice","volume":"115","author":"Fink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2009.183749","article-title":"Gut microbes define liver cancer risk in mice exposed to chemical and viral transgenic hepatocarcinogens","volume":"59","author":"Fox","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib14","first-page":"1268","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection - Natural history and clinical consequences (vol 350, pg 1118, 2004)","volume":"351","author":"Ganem","year":"2004","journal-title":"N.\u00a0Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib15","article-title":"Depletion of gut microbiota impairs gut barrier function and antiviral immune defense in the liver","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1186\/s13073-020-00796-5","article-title":"Integrated analysis of microbiome and host transcriptome reveals correlations between gut microbiota and clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genome Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17862","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0608578103","article-title":"An immunocompetent mouse model for the tolerance of human chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"103","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-021-00461-1","article-title":"Relationship between gut microbiome diversity and hepatitis B viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"13","author":"Joo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29155","article-title":"Low hepatitis B virus-specific T-cell response in males correlates with high regulatory T-cell numbers in murine models","volume":"66","author":"Kosinska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s11938-019-00236-3","article-title":"Updates on chronic HBV: current challenges and future goals","volume":"17","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2017.07.006","article-title":"Detection of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) covalently-closed-circular DNA (cccDNA) in mice transduced with a recombinant AAV-HBV vector","volume":"145","author":"Lucifora","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109564","article-title":"The composition of the gut microbiota following early-life antibiotic exposure affects host health and longevity in later life","volume":"36","author":"Lynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2004","article-title":"Sex differences in the Toll-like receptor-mediated response of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to HIV-1","volume":"15","author":"Meier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308820","article-title":"Uncovering effects of antibiotics on the host and microbiota using transkingdom gene networks","volume":"64","author":"Morgun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1765","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29008","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation induces hepatitis B virus e-antigen (HBeAg) clearance in patients with positive HBeAg after long-term antiviral therapy","volume":"65","author":"Ren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2021.06.038","article-title":"Novel function of SART1 in HNF4alpha transcriptional regulation contributes to its antiviral role during HBV infection","volume":"75","author":"Teng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06707-11","article-title":"Enhancement of hepatitis B virus replication by androgen and its receptor in mice","volume":"86","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-018-0011-z","article-title":"The gut-liver axis and the intersection with the microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Tripathi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib29","article-title":"Fecal microbiota transplantation alters the outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in mice","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.045","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha represses transcription of HBV genes via interaction with hepatocyte nuclear factor 4alpha","volume":"142","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-018-1002-y","article-title":"The doses of plasmid backbone plays a major role in determining the HBV clearance in hydrodynamic injection mouse model","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc3965","article-title":"Modulating gut microbes","volume":"369","author":"Wargo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00927","article-title":"CD4(+) T cells play a critical role in microbiota-maintained anti-HBV immunity in a mouse model","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib34","article-title":"Secreted interferon-inducible factors restrict hepatitis B and C virus entry in vitro","volume":"2017","author":"Xia","year":"2017","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2018.07.057","article-title":"Development of direct-acting antiviral and host-targeting agents for treatment of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"156","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.11.011","article-title":"A\u00a0novel mouse model harboring hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.00049","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus","volume":"1","author":"Yan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2013.43","article-title":"A\u00a0mouse model for HBV immunotolerance and immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-020-00391-4","article-title":"Potential role of intestinal microflora in disease progression among patients with different stages of Hepatitis B","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05336-9","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion alters metabolic homeostasis by affecting gut signaling and colonic metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Zarrinpar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Virologica Sinica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1995820X23000482?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1995820X23000482?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T19:18:58Z","timestamp":1761851938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1995820X23000482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1995820X23000482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["1995-820X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1995-820X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Antibiotic-induced gut bacteria depletion has no effect on HBV replication in HBV immune tolerance mouse model","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virologica Sinica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2023.04.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}