{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T16:26:15Z","timestamp":1781886375166,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]],"date-time":"2025-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002402","name":"Sun Yat-sen University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002402","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82171675"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82171675"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82101775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82101775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82071352"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071352"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82341094"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82341094"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009659","name":"Guangzhou Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010096","name":"Southern Medical University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010096","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100018536","name":"National Mega Project on Major Infectious Disease Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017ZX10103011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX10103011"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100018536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022A1515011156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022A1515011156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016098","name":"Guangdong Special Project for Marine Economy Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016098","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017696","name":"Guangzhou Women and Childrens Medical Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virologica Sinica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,18]],"date-time":"2025-03-18T04:05:08Z","timestamp":1742270708000},"page":"157-165","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of human parainfluenza virus in southern China during 2016\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Yizhe","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengming","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingcui","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linyue","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenle","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jueheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5376-490X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9026-8232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenjian","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23326","article-title":"Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human parainfluenza virus type 3 isolated from Saudi Arabia","volume":"84","author":"Almajhdi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.197824","article-title":"Molecular evolution of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene in human respirovirus 3","volume":"277","author":"Aso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1584798","article-title":"Parainfluenza virus infection","volume":"37","author":"Branche","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13012","article-title":"Human parainfluenza 2 & 4: clinical and genetic epidemiology in the UK, 2013-2017, reveals distinct disease features and co-circulating genomic subtypes","volume":"16","author":"Chellapuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.3390\/v1010042","article-title":"An economical tandem multiplex real-time PCR technique for the detection of a comprehensive range of respiratory pathogens","volume":"1","author":"Chidlow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.03.012","article-title":"Role of N-linked glycosylation of the human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein","volume":"174","author":"Chu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105053","article-title":"Roles of conserved residues in the receptor binding sites of human parainfluenza virus type 3 HN protein","volume":"158","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21271","article-title":"Viruses in community-acquired pneumonia in children aged less than 3 years old: high rate of viral coinfection","volume":"80","author":"Cilla","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.60.1.90-96.1986","article-title":"Conserved epitopes on the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase proteins of human and bovine parainfluenza type 3 viruses: nucleotide sequence analysis of variants selected with monoclonal antibodies","volume":"60","author":"Coelingh","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1086\/521308","article-title":"Human coronavirus infections in rural Thailand: a comprehensive study using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays","volume":"196","author":"Dare","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit552","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical presentation of parainfluenza type 4 in children: a 3-year comparative study to parainfluenza types 1-3","volume":"209","author":"Frost","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2015.03.036","article-title":"Amino acid substitutions contributing to \u03b12,6-sialic acid linkage binding specificity of human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase","volume":"589","author":"Fukushima","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-009-9164-x","article-title":"Development of a RT real-time PCR for the detection and quantification of human rhinoviruses","volume":"42","author":"Gambarino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2024.047","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics of human parainfluenza viruses infections - China, 2019-2023","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"China CDC Wkly"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00510-2","article-title":"Age-sex differences in the global burden of lower respiratory infections and risk factors, 1990-2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2016.07.023","article-title":"A molecular epidemiological study of human parainfluenza virus type 3 at a tertiary university hospital during 2013-2015 in Catalonia, Spain","volume":"86","author":"Godoy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2016.01.002","article-title":"Phylogenetic and molecular analyses of human parainfluenza type 3 virus in Buenos Aires, Argentina, between 2009 and 2013: the emergence of new genetic lineages","volume":"39","author":"Goya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003","article-title":"Parainfluenza viruses","volume":"16","author":"Henrickson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2011.04.010","article-title":"Development and evaluation of a four-tube real time multiplex PCR assay covering fourteen respiratory viruses, and comparison to its corresponding single target counterparts","volume":"51","author":"Jansen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2018.08.004","article-title":"Characterization of human parainfluenza virus-3 circulating in Israel, 2012-2015","volume":"107","author":"Jornist","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2022.105213","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of human parainfluenza type 3 virus strains responsible for the outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic in Seoul, South Korea","volume":"153","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007511018330","article-title":"Epidemiological features of parainfluenza virus infections: laboratory surveillance in England and Wales, 1975-1997","volume":"15","author":"Laurichesse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5026","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25120-6","article-title":"Etiological and epidemiological features of acute respiratory infections in China","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1054","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciab942","article-title":"Broad impacts of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on acute respiratory infections in China: an observational study","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2023.02.009","article-title":"Changes of parainfluenza virus infection in children before and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Henan, China","volume":"86","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2023.105219","article-title":"Clinical impact of human parainfluenza virus infections before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Southern China","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-52071-5","article-title":"A robust mouse model of HPIV-3 infection and efficacy of GS-441524 against virus-induced lung pathology","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-28","article-title":"Epidemiology and clinical presentation of the four human parainfluenza virus types","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3231","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00889-06","article-title":"Real-time PCR assays for detection of bocavirus in human specimens","volume":"44","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.13212","article-title":"Interactions among acute respiratory viruses in Beijing, Chongqing, Guangzhou, and Shanghai, China, 2009-2019","volume":"17","author":"Madewell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.3.981-986.2004","article-title":"Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assay for detection of human metapneumoviruses from all known genetic lineages","volume":"42","author":"Maertzdorf","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043893","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus-associated respiratory tract infection among children and genetic analysis of HPIV-3 strains in Beijing, China","volume":"7","author":"Mao","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02331-09","article-title":"N-linked glycan at residue 523 of human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase masks a second receptor-binding site","volume":"84","author":"Mishin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9152","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00888-07","article-title":"Fusion promotion by a paramyxovirus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein: pH modulation of receptor avidity of binding sites I and II","volume":"81","author":"Palermo","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12514","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus infection in severe acute respiratory infection cases in Beijing, 2014-2016: a molecular epidemiological study","volume":"11","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2576","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13152576","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) detection in hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection in the Western Cape, South Africa during 2014-2022 reveals a shift in dominance of HPIV 3 and 4 infections","volume":"13","author":"Parsons","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib38","first-page":"L413","article-title":"Interleukin-8: an important chemoattractant in sputum of patients with chronic inflammatory airway diseases","volume":"264","author":"Richman-Eisenstat","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy451","article-title":"Parainfluenza virus in hospitalized adults: a 7-year retrospective study","volume":"68","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2012.08.027","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus serotypes differ in their kinetics of replication and cytokine secretion in human tracheobronchial airway epithelium","volume":"433","author":"Schaap-Nutt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcv.2016.04.019","article-title":"Respiratory viral coinfection and disease severity in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"80","author":"Scotta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679246","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.679246","article-title":"Genetic characteristics of human parainfluenza virus types 1-4 from patients with clinical respiratory tract infection in China","volume":"12","author":"Shao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14730.2","article-title":"UK circulating strains of human parainfluenza 3: an amplicon based next generation sequencing method and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"3","author":"Smielewska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.08.014","article-title":"Catalytic mechanism and novel receptor binding sites of human parainfluenza virus type 3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (hPIV3 HN)","volume":"123","author":"Streltsov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.7.2.265","article-title":"Biology of parainfluenza viruses","volume":"7","author":"Vainionp\u00e4\u00e4","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2260","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00848-07","article-title":"Increased detection of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza viruses, parainfluenza viruses, and adenoviruses with real-time PCR in samples from patients with respiratory symptoms","volume":"45","author":"Van De Pol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.61.5.1473-1477.1987","volume":"61","author":"Van Wyke Coelingh","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12211","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus in patients with influenza-like illness from Central and South America during 2006-2010","volume":"8","author":"Villaran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Influenza Other Respir Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1077","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(21)00218-7","article-title":"Global burden of acute lower respiratory infection associated with human parainfluenza virus in children younger than 5 years for 2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25660","article-title":"Changes in the etiology of viral lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children in Wenzhou, China: 2008-2017","volume":"92","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18447","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3084658","article-title":"Exposing the flexibility of human parainfluenza virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase","volume":"134","author":"Winger","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2016.08.017","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of human parainfluenza virus infections of children in southern Taiwan","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.24580","article-title":"Human parainfluenza virus types 1-4 in hospitalized children with acute lower respiratory infections in China","volume":"88","author":"Xiao","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens13090740","article-title":"Epidemiology of human parainfluenza virus infections among pediatric patients in Hainan Island, China, 2021-2023","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e154","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30297-7","article-title":"Seasonal association between viral causes of hospitalised acute lower respiratory infections and meteorological factors in China: a retrospective study","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Planet. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2010.03.007","article-title":"Simultaneous typing and HA\/NA subtyping of influenza A and B viruses including the pandemic influenza A\/H1N1 2009 by multiplex real-time RT-PCR","volume":"167","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.28899","article-title":"Dynamics of parainfluenza virus among hospitalized children with acute respiratory tract infection under two-child policy and COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei Province, China, 2014-2022","volume":"95","author":"Yi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7124","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.12.7124-7130.2003","article-title":"Simian virus 5 is a poor inducer of chemokine secretion from human lung epithelial cells: identification of viral mutants that activate interleukin-8 secretion by distinct mechanisms","volume":"77","author":"Young","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2014.02.019","article-title":"Epidemiology characteristics of respiratory viruses found in children and adults with respiratory tract infections in southern China","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026881600323X","article-title":"Epidemiology of parainfluenza infection in England and Wales, 1998-2013: any evidence of change?","volume":"145","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25499","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of the lower respiratory tract infection caused by a single infection or coinfection of the human parainfluenza virus in children","volume":"91","author":"Zhong","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.03432-23","article-title":"Genetic characteristics of human parainfluenza viruses 1-4 associated with acute lower respiratory tract infection in Chinese children, during 2015-2021","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."}],"container-title":["Virologica Sinica"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1995820X25000264?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1995820X25000264?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T10:36:07Z","timestamp":1762598167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1995820X25000264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["S1995820X25000264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["1995-820X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1995-820X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Epidemiological and molecular characteristics of human parainfluenza virus in southern China during 2016\u20132020","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virologica Sinica","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virs.2025.03.004","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd\u00e9","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}