{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T22:50:37Z","timestamp":1768344637683,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,28]],"date-time":"2015-12-28T12:15:38Z","timestamp":1451304938000},"page":"205-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Recent developments in antivirals against hepatitis B virus"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Ya-Juan","family":"Wang.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Ping","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9786","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.15.9786-9798.2005","article-title":"Mapping of the hepatitis B virus pre-S1 domain involved in receptor recognition","volume":"79","author":"Barrera","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2015.07.009","article-title":"Host-targeting agents for treatment of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"14","author":"Baumert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2014.01.024","article-title":"HAPs hepatitis B virus (HBV) capsid inhibitors prevent HBc interaction with the viral minichromosome and selected host cell genes to inhibits transcription and affect cccDNA stability","volume":"46","author":"Belloni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Digest. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.07.005","article-title":"Restoration of HBV-specific CD8+ T cell function by PD-1 blockade in inactive carrier patients is linked to T cell differentiation","volume":"61","author":"Bengsch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.03.017","article-title":"Use of FDA approved therapeutics with hNTCP metabolic inhibitory properties to impair the HDV lifecycle","volume":"106","author":"Blanchet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.170","article-title":"Inactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in cultured cells and in vivo with engineered transcription activator-like effector nucleases","volume":"21","author":"Bloom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.016","article-title":"Bridging basic science and clinical research: the EASL Monothematic Conference on Translational Research in Viral Hepatitis","volume":"61","author":"Boettler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11055","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00933-06","article-title":"Global structural changes in hepatitis B virus capsids induced by the assembly effector HAP1","volume":"80","author":"Bourne","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10262","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01360-08","article-title":"Small-molecule effectors of hepatitis B virus capsid assembly give insight into virus life cycle","volume":"82","author":"Bourne","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4277","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00473-12","article-title":"Identification of disubstituted sulfonamide compounds as specific inhibitors of hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA formation","volume":"56","author":"Cai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6931","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00582-13","article-title":"Sulfamoylbenzamide derivatives inhibit the assembly of hepatitis B virus nucleocapsids","volume":"87","author":"Campagna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.212","article-title":"An efficient antiviral strategy for targeting hepatitis B virus genome using transcription activator-like effector nucleases","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.01.002","article-title":"Hepatitis B vaccination: The key towards elimination and eradication of hepatitis B","volume":"50","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.3109\/14756366.2012.694879","article-title":"Structure-based design and biochemical evaluation of sulfanilamide derivatives as hepatitis B virus capsid assembly inhibitors","volume":"28","author":"Cho","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i6.1738","article-title":"Management of patients with hepatitis B in special populations","volume":"21","author":"Cholongitas","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.9.3057-3060.2002","article-title":"Phenylpropenamide derivatives AT-61 and AT-130 inhibit replication of wild-type and lamivudine-resistant strains of hepatitis B virus in vitro","volume":"46","author":"Delaney","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"5608","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077215","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication by drug-induced depletion of nucleocapsids","volume":"299","author":"Deres","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23916","article-title":"Recent insights into hepatitis B virus-host interactions","volume":"86","author":"Ezzikouri","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.06.014","article-title":"The phenylpropenamide derivative AT-130 blocks HBV replication at the level of viral RNA packaging","volume":"76","author":"Feld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1345713","article-title":"New therapeutic targets and drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"33","author":"Fletcher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Liver Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-305707","article-title":"Anti-HBV DNA vaccination does not prevent relapse after discontinuation of analogues in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial-ANRS HB02 VAC-ADN","volume":"64","author":"Fontaine","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.113.207878","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of GS-9620, a novel Toll-like receptor 7 agonist, demonstrate interferon-stimulated gene induction without detectable serum interferon at low oral doses","volume":"348","author":"Fosdick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.02.037","article-title":"The oral toll-like receptor-7 agonist GS-9620 in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"63","author":"Gane","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.008","article-title":"Chronic hepatitis B: Virology, natural history, current management and a glimpse at future opportunities","volume":"121","author":"Gish","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.090","article-title":"Mapping of the hepatitis B virus attachment site by use of infection-inhibiting preS1 lipopeptides and tupaia hepatocytes","volume":"129","author":"Glebe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Global Burden of Disease Cancer, C., Fitzmaurice, C., Dicker, D., Pain, A., Hamavid, H., Moradi-Lakeh, M., MacIntyre, M.F., Allen, C., Hansen, G., Woodbrook, R., Wolfe, C., Hamadeh, R.R., Moore, A., Werdecker, A., Gessner, B.D., Te Ao, B., McMahon, B., Karimkhani, C., Yu, C., Cooke, G.S., Schwebel, D.C., Carpenter, D.O., Pereira, D.M., Nash, D., Kazi, D.S., De Leo, D., Plass, D., Ukwaja, K.N., Thurston, G.D., Yun Jin, K., Simard, E.P., Mills, E., Park, E.K., Catala-Lopez, F., deVeber, G., Gotay, C., Khan, G., Hosgood, H.D., 3rd, Santos, I.S., Leasher, J.L., Singh, J., Leigh, J., Jonas, J., Sanabria, J., Beardsley, J., Jacobsen, K.H., Takahashi, K., Franklin, R.C., Ronfani, L., Montico, M., Naldi, L., Tonelli, M., Geleijnse, J., Petzold, M., Shrime, M.G., Younis, M., Yonemoto, N., Breitborde, N., Yip, P., Pourmalek, F., Lotufo, P.A., Esteghamati, A., Hankey, G.J., Ali, R., Lunevicius, R., Malekzadeh, R., Dellavalle, R., Weintraub, R., Lucas, R., Hay, R., Rojas-Rueda, D., Westerman, R., Sepanlou, S.G., Nolte, S., Patten, S., Weichenthal, S., Abera, S.F., Fereshtehnejad, S.M., Shiue, I., Driscoll, T., Vasankari, T., Alsharif, U., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Vlassov, V.V., Marcenes, W.S., Mekonnen, W., Melaku, Y.A., Yano, Y., Artaman, A., Campos, I., MacLachlan, J., Mueller, U., Kim, D., Trillini, M., Eshrati, B., Williams, H.C., Shibuya, K., Dandona, R., Murthy, K., Cowie, B. et al., 2015. The Global Burden of Cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol 1(4), 505\u2013527.","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2015.0735"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2013.274","article-title":"Immunological and antiviral responses after therapeutic DNA immunization in chronic hepatitis b patients efficiently treated by analogues","volume":"22","author":"Godon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1517\/14712590902911412","article-title":"From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1","volume":"9","author":"Goldstein","year":"2009","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.232137699","article-title":"Infection of a human hepatoma cell line by hepatitis B virus","volume":"99","author":"Gripon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0150","first-page":"369","article-title":"Success ful first administration of Myrcludex B, a first-in-class Hepatitis B and D Virus entry inhibitor, in humans\u2026","volume":"56","author":"Haefeli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5232","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.66.9.5232-5241.1992","article-title":"RNA- and DNA-binding activities in hepatitis B virus capsid protein: a model for their roles in viral replication","volume":"66","author":"Hatton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.09.009","article-title":"(\u2212)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits entry of hepatitis B virus into hepatocytes","volume":"111","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.12.052","article-title":"Evaluation and identification of hepatitis B virus entry inhibitors using HepG2 cells overexpressing a membrane transporter NTCP","volume":"443","author":"Iwamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1021\/cb100275b","article-title":"Trapping of hepatitis B virus capsid assembly intermediates by phenylpropenamide assembly accelerators","volume":"5","author":"Katen","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katen, S.P., Tan, Z., Chirapu, S.R., Finn, M.G., Zlotnick, A., 2013. Assembly-directed antivirals differentially bind quasi-equivalent pockets to modify HBV capsid tertiary and quaternary structure. Structure (London, England: 1993) 21(8), 1406\u20131416.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2013.06.013"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3179","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.42.12.3179","article-title":"Inhibition of human hepatitis B virus replication by AT-61, a phenylpropenamide derivative, alone and in combination with (\u2212) beta--2\u2032,3-dideoxy-3-thiacytidine","volume":"42","author":"King","year":"1998","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00720-0","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication in vivo by nucleoside analogues and siRNA","volume":"125","author":"Klein","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2965","article-title":"The FDA approved drug irbesartan inhibits HBV-infection in HepG2 cells stably expressing sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide","author":"Ko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.05.018","article-title":"Kinetics of the bile acid transporter and hepatitis B virus receptor Na+\/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) in hepatocytes","volume":"61","author":"Konig","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.08.005","article-title":"Nitazoxanide, tizoxanide and other thiazolides are potent inhibitors of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus replication","volume":"77","author":"Korba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.003","article-title":"GS-9620, an oral agonist of Toll-like receptor-7, induces prolonged suppression of hepatitis B virus in chronically infected chimpanzees","volume":"144","author":"Lanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl. S1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0210","article-title":"ARC-520 RNAi therapeutic reduces hepatitis B virus DNA, S antigen and e antigen in a chimpanzee with a very high viral titer","volume":"58","author":"Lanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0215","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the oral Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 in treatment-naive patients with chronic hepatitis C","author":"Lawitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.04.004","article-title":"Treatment of hepatitis B virus-infected cells with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors results in production of virions with altered molecular composition and infectivity","volume":"76","author":"Lazar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0225","first-page":"122","article-title":"Role of glycosaminoglycans for binding and infection of hepatitis B virus","volume":"10","author":"Leistner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001162","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001162","article-title":"Nuclear export and import of human hepatitis B virus capsid protein and particles","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1505","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01766-12","article-title":"Phase diagrams map the properties of antiviral agents directed against hepatitis B virus core assembly","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28025","article-title":"Present and future therapies of hepatitis B: From discovery to cure","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22881","article-title":"Hepatitis B: the virus and disease","volume":"49","author":"Liang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003856","article-title":"Enhancing virus-specific immunity in vivo by combining therapeutic vaccination and PD-L1 blockade in chronic hepadnaviral infection","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1039\/C4MD00521J","article-title":"Non-nucleoside anti-HBV agents: advances in structural optimization and mechanism of action investigations","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medchemcomm"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.01.018","article-title":"Strategies to control hepatitis B: Public policy, epidemiology, vaccine and drugs","volume":"62","author":"Locarnini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2548","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GS-9620, an oral Toll-like receptor 7 agonist","volume":"18","author":"Lopatin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2012.12.008","article-title":"Ezetimibe blocks hepatitis B virus infection after virus uptake into hepatocytes","volume":"97","author":"Lucifora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"6176","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1243462","article-title":"Specific and nonhepatotoxic degradation of nuclear hepatitis B virus cccDNA","volume":"343","author":"Lucifora","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0280","first-page":"478A","article-title":"REP 9 AC: a potent HBsAg release inhibitor that elicits durable immunological control of chronic HBV infection","volume":"54","author":"Mahtab","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt824","article-title":"Inhibition of hepatitis B virus in mice by RNA interference","volume":"21","author":"McCaffrey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4004","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.46.12.4004-4008.2002","article-title":"Structure-activity relationship of a new class of anti-hepatitis B virus agents","volume":"46","author":"Mehta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.12.026","article-title":"Sustained efficacy and seroconversion with the Toll-like receptor 7 agonist GS-9620 in the Woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"62","author":"Menne","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2010.12.031","article-title":"Therapeutic vaccines and immune-based therapies for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: Perspectives and challenges","volume":"54","author":"Michel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1122","article-title":"Potent and persistent in vivo anti-HBV activity of chemically modified siRNAs","volume":"23","author":"Morrissey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"9963","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990\u20132013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"385","author":"Mortality","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.05.021","article-title":"Minimization of hepatitis B infection by a 25-year universal vaccination program","volume":"57","author":"Ni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.12.024","article-title":"Hepatitis B and D viruses exploit sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide for species-specific entry into hepatocytes","volume":"146","author":"Ni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.11.022","article-title":"Cyclosporin A inhibits hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus entry by cyclophilin-independent interference with the NTCP receptor","volume":"60","author":"Nkongolo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.02.010","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: Management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"57","author":"Papatheodoridis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"33","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11618","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i33.11618","article-title":"Control of hepatitis B virus replication by interferons and Toll-like receptor signaling pathways","volume":"20","author":"Pei","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.038","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute technical review on prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy","volume":"148","author":"Perrillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1389","article-title":"Prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in vivo by entry inhibitors derived from the large envelope protein","volume":"26","author":"Petersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2014.10.039","article-title":"American Gastroenterological Association Institute guideline on the prevention and treatment of hepatitis B virus reactivation during immunosuppressive drug therapy","volume":"148","author":"Reddy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2012.01.044","article-title":"Effectiveness of hepatitis B treatment in clinical practice","volume":"142","author":"Scaglione","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26211","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus hepatotropism is mediated by specific receptor recognition in the liver and not restricted to susceptible hosts","volume":"58","author":"Schieck","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0365","first-page":"57","article-title":"A phase I, first in human clinical trial of ARC-520, an siRNA-based therapeutic for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection, in normal healthy volunteers","volume":"9","author":"Schluep","year":"2013","journal-title":"Global Antiviral J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21896","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection initiates with a large surface protein-dependent binding to heparan sulfate proteoglycans","volume":"46","author":"Schulze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01902-09","article-title":"Fine mapping of pre-S sequence requirements for hepatitis B virus large envelope protein-mediated receptor interaction","volume":"84","author":"Schulze","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"10003","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)61412-X","article-title":"Estimations of worldwide prevalence of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a systematic review of data published between 1965 and 2013","volume":"386","author":"Schweitzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.64.1.51-68.2000","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus biology","volume":"64","author":"Seeger","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2015.02.031","article-title":"Molecular biology of hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"479-480","author":"Seeger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11901-014-0238-2","article-title":"Immunosuppression in patients with chronic hepatitis B","volume":"13","author":"Seetharam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Hepatol. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27694","article-title":"Impaired uptake of conjugated bile acids and hepatitis b virus pres1-binding in na(+) -taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide knockout mice","volume":"62","author":"Slijepcevic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.801","article-title":"BAY 41-4109 has multiple effects on Hepatitis B virus capsid assembly","volume":"19","author":"Stray","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8138","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409732102","article-title":"A heteroaryldihydropyrimidine activates and can misdirect hepatitis B virus capsid assembly","volume":"102","author":"Stray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h4263","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h4263","article-title":"Management of chronic hepatitis B infection","volume":"351","author":"Sundaram","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03014-12","article-title":"Genetically altering the thermodynamics and kinetics of hepatitis B virus capsid assembly has profound effects on virus replication in cell culture","volume":"87","author":"Tan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03545-14","article-title":"The interface between HBV capsid proteins affects self-assembly, pgRNA packaging, and reverse transcription","author":"Tan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"9959","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60220-8","article-title":"Hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"384","author":"Trepo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27240","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (SLC10A1) deficiency: conjugated hypercholanemia without a clear clinical phenotype","volume":"61","author":"Vaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2012.12.008","article-title":"The entry inhibitor Myrcludex-B efficiently blocks intrahepatic virus spreading in humanized mice previously infected with hepatitis B virus","volume":"58","author":"Volz","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7707","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i24.7707","article-title":"Emerging antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis B","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP2152","article-title":"In vitro inhibition of HBV replication by a novel compound, GLS4, and its efficacy against adefovir-dipivoxil-resistant HBV mutations","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.007","article-title":"Irbesartan, an FDA approved drug for hypertension and diabetic nephropathy, is a potent inhibitor for hepatitis B virus entry by disturbing Na(+)-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide activity","volume":"120","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7061","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01558-15","article-title":"A novel pyridazinone derivative inhibits hepatitis b virus replication by inducing genome-free capsid formation","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1086\/653622","article-title":"The prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection in the United States in the era of vaccination","volume":"202","author":"Wasley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26982","article-title":"Cyclosporin A and its analogs inhibit hepatitis B virus entry into cultured hepatocytes through targeting a membrane transporter, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)","volume":"59","author":"Watashi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01091-13","article-title":"Preclinical characterization of GLS4, an inhibitor of hepatitis B virus core particle assembly","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.04.002","article-title":"Benzimidazole derivative, BM601, a novel inhibitor of hepatitis B virus and HBsAg secretion","volume":"107","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1159\/000371692","article-title":"Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide acts as a receptor for hepatitis B and D virus","volume":"33","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.002","article-title":"NTCP opens the door for hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"121","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00933-15","article-title":"Interferon-inducible protein tetherin inhibits hepatitis B virus virion secretion","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.175","article-title":"Isothiafludine, a novel non-nucleoside compound, inhibits hepatitis B virus replication through blocking pregenomic RNA encapsidation","volume":"35","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0505","article-title":"Effect of a Hepatitis B Virus Inhibitor, NZ-4, on capsid formation","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12530","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of therapeutic DNA vaccine with antiviral drug in chronic HBV patients and its immunogenicity in mice","volume":"35","author":"Yoon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0515","first-page":"70","article-title":"Hepatitis B in 2014: HBV research moves forward\u2013receptors and reactivation. Nature reviews","volume":"12","author":"Yuen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0520","first-page":"60","article-title":"Phase II, dose ranging study of ARC-520, a siRNA-based therapeutic, in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","author":"Yuen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308943","article-title":"Towards an HBV cure: state-of-the-art and unresolved questions\u2013report of the ANRS workshop on HBV cure","volume":"64","author":"Zeisel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2013.76","article-title":"Effects of ketoconazole and rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics of GLS4, a novel anti-hepatitis B virus compound, in dogs","volume":"34","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2483","DOI":"10.1002\/rcm.6710","article-title":"Characterization of metabolites of GLS4 in humans using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography\/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7412","DOI":"10.1021\/bi9604800","article-title":"Dimorphism of hepatitis B virus capsids is strongly influenced by the C-terminus of the capsid protein","volume":"35","author":"Zlotnick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4848","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.76.10.4848-4854.2002","article-title":"A small molecule inhibits and misdirects assembly of hepatitis B virus capsids","volume":"76","author":"Zlotnick","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.06.020","article-title":"Core protein: a pleiotropic keystone in the HBV lifecycle","volume":"121","author":"Zlotnick","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170215301799?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170215301799?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:05:59Z","timestamp":1759154759000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170215301799"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"references-count":110,"alternative-id":["S0168170215301799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Recent developments in antivirals against hepatitis B virus","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.12.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}