{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T06:14:21Z","timestamp":1777356861792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":246,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,1]],"date-time":"2020-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601510400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,23]],"date-time":"2020-08-23T10:03:33Z","timestamp":1598177013000},"page":"198141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":124,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prospect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential role in vaccine and therapeutic development"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"Subodh Kumar","family":"Samrat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anil M.","family":"Tharappel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hongmin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8017","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00998-13","article-title":"Novel inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus entry that act by three distinct mechanisms","volume":"87","author":"Adedeji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0010","author":"ADPVAC"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0015","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of a novel nanobody for detection of GRP78 expressing cancer cells","author":"Aghamollaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0020","author":"AJ Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44875","article-title":"Immunogenicity of candidate MERS-CoV DNA vaccines based on the spike protein","volume":"7","author":"Al-amri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4081\/mrm.2017.246","article-title":"The history and epidemiology of Middle East respiratory syndrome corona virus","volume":"12","author":"Al-Osail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.03.007","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: status report","author":"Amanat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0040","series-title":"Stat","article-title":"2020an updated guide to the coronavirus drugs and vaccines in development","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0045","unstructured":"Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical\/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. https:\/\/covidvax.org\/covid19-vaccine\/AnhuiZhifei\/Adjuvanted-recombinant-protein-Anhui-Zhifei-Longcom-Biopharma-Institute-of-Microbiology-Chinese-Acad. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0050","unstructured":"Arcturus\/Duke-NUS. https:\/\/www.duke-nus.edu.sg\/about\/media\/media-releases\/media-releases\/arcturus-therapeutics-duke-nus-clinical-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-approved-to-proceed. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.5.2000062","article-title":"Incubation period of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infections among travellers from Wuhan, China, 20-28 January 2020","volume":"25","author":"Backer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0060","author":"Baylor College of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0065","unstructured":"BEJING Institute of Biological Products\/Sinopharma.https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/research\/inactivated-covid-19-vaccine-by-china-s-sinopharm-clears-animal-tests. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0070","unstructured":"Bharat Biotech. https:\/\/www.deccanchronicle.com\/lifestyle\/health-andwellbeing\/270720\/bharat-biotechs-covaxin-shows-encouraging-results-in-phase-i.html. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0075","author":"BIKEN foundation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0080","author":"BIOCAD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0085","author":"Biological E Ltd"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0090","author":"BioNet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0095","unstructured":"BioNTech\/Fosun Pharma\/Pfizer. https:\/\/www.genengnews.com\/covid-19-candidates\/biontech-pfizer-and-fosun-pharma-bnt162\/. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8801","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.77.16.8801-8811.2003","article-title":"The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex","volume":"77","author":"Bosch","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.349","article-title":"Viral vectors: from virology to transgene expression","volume":"157","author":"Bouard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1919409117","article-title":"A nanobody targeting the LIN28:let-7 interaction fragment of TUT4 blocks uridylation of let-7","volume":"117","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0120","article-title":"Remdesivir is a direct-acting antiviral that inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 with high potency","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem. jbc.RA120.013679."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101647","article-title":"Remdesivir for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 causing COVID-19: an evaluation of the evidence","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0130","unstructured":"Centro Nacional Biotecnolog\u00eda (CNB-CSIC). TYPE: RNA vaccine:https:\/\/www.lykeo.com\/replicating-defective-sarscov-2-derived-rnas-centro-nacional-biotecnologia-cnb-csic-spain. Accessed May 21, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0135","author":"CEPI"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2678","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.5.2678-2688.2005","article-title":"Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus induces protective neutralizing antibodies primarily targeting the receptor binding region","volume":"79","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.27464","article-title":"Yeast-expressed recombinant protein of the receptor-binding domain in SARS-CoV spike protein with deglycosylated forms as a SARS vaccine candidate","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.02.063","article-title":"DNA vaccine encoding Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus S1 protein induces protective immune responses in mice","volume":"35","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0155","article-title":"Humanized single domain antibodies neutralize SARS-CoV-2 by targeting spike receptor binding domain (preprint)","author":"Chi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0160","unstructured":"Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc.\/GSK\/Dynavax. https:\/\/www.fiercebiotech.com\/biotech\/using-gsk-dynavax-tech-clover-kickstarts-covid-vax-trial-data-drop-august. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0165","author":"Cobra Biologics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.04.016","article-title":"Purified coronavirus spike protein nanoparticles induce coronavirus neutralizing antibodies in mice","volume":"32","author":"Coleman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.02.012","article-title":"MERS-CoV spike nanoparticles protect mice from MERS-CoV infection","volume":"35","author":"Coleman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0180","series-title":"COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Shows Promise: April 02,","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0185","unstructured":"COVID-19 vaccine: Dendritic cell-based vaccine. https:\/\/covidvax.org\/covid19-vaccine\/ManitobaUni\/Dendritic-cell-based-vaccine-University-of-Manitoba. Accessed May 26, 2020, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0195","unstructured":"Curevac. https:\/\/www.curevac.com\/news\/curevac-receives-regulatory-approval-from-german-and-belgian-authorities-to-initiate-phase-1-clinical-trial-of-its-sars-cov-2-vaccine-candidate. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0200","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2-Human protein-Protein interaction map reveals drug targets and potential drug-repurposing (preprint)","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. (Stevenage)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0205","article-title":"The D614G mutation in SARS-CoV-2 Spike increases transduction of multiple human cell types","volume":"2020","author":"Daniloski","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0210","series-title":"Roles of Host Gene and Non-Coding RNA Expression in Virus Infection, Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology","first-page":"1","article-title":"Host factors in coronavirus replication","author":"de Wilde","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1038\/357417a0","article-title":"Aminopeptidase N is a major receptor for the entero-pathogenic coronavirus TGEV","volume":"357","author":"Delmas","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0056-7","article-title":"Enhanced protection in mice induced by immunization with inactivated whole viruses compare to spike protein of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"7","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.03.049","article-title":"Recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing the receptor-binding domain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus S protein elicits neutralizing antibodies: Implication for developing SARS vaccines","volume":"353","author":"Du","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.10.031","article-title":"Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces long-term protective immunity in an animal model","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2090","article-title":"The spike protein of SARS-CoV \u2014 a target for vaccine and therapeutic development","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.07.018","article-title":"Recombinant receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein expressed in mammalian, insect and E. Coli cells elicits potent neutralizing antibody and protective immunity","volume":"393","author":"Du","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081587","article-title":"A truncated receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV spike protein potently inhibits MERS-CoV infection and induces strong neutralizing antibody responses: implication for developing therapeutics and vaccines","volume":"8","author":"Du","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108449","article-title":"A novel intracellularly expressed NS5B-specific nanobody suppresses bovine viral diarrhea virus replication","volume":"240","author":"Duan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6881","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.12.6881-6891.1991","article-title":"Cloning of the mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) receptor: expression in human and hamster cell lines confers susceptibility to MHV","volume":"65","author":"Dveksler","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.05.071","article-title":"Could the D614G substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein be associated with higher COVID-19 mortality?","volume":"96","author":"Eaaswarkhanth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0265","series-title":"NOVEL HUMAN PATHOGENIC CORONAVIRUS: SARS-CoV-2. March 26","author":"Enjuanes","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0270","author":"EpiVax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0275","author":"Eric Niiler"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0280","author":"ExpreS2ion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80844-0","article-title":"A single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) S protein results in the production of high levels of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies","volume":"86","author":"Faber","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0295","author":"Fast-Farming Pharma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2438-7_1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume":"1282","author":"Fehr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Coronaviruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0305","author":"Flow Pharma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0310","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"0","author":"Folegatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6953","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.15.6953-6961.2001","article-title":"Antibody from patients with acute human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection inhibits primary strains of HIV type 1 in the presence of natural-killer effector cells","volume":"75","author":"Forthal","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0320","author":"Fudan University"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0325","article-title":"The first-in-class peptide binder to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (preprint)","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioengineering."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0330","unstructured":"Gamaleya Research Institute. https:\/\/www.trialsitenews.com\/gamaleya-research-institute-developed-covid-19-vaccine-clinical-trial-commences-across-russia\/. Accessed on JUly 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc1932","article-title":"Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2","volume":"369","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/d41587-020-00016-w","article-title":"Coronavirus vaccine developers wary of errant antibodies","author":"Garber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0345","author":"Generex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0350","unstructured":"Genexine Consortium. https:\/\/pharmashots.com\/press-releases\/korean-biotech-firm-genexines-covid-19-deoxyribonucleic-acid-vaccine-pipeline-gx-19-is-ready-for-clinical-testing-as-soon-as-it-applies-to-the-drug-ministry-for-human-testing\/. Accessed July 29, 2020, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0355","article-title":"Remdesivir: a promising antiviral against coronaviruses","volume":"2020","author":"George Sakoulas","year":"2020","journal-title":"NEJM Journal Watch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0360","author":"GeoVax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02232-10","article-title":"Evidence that TMPRSS2 activates the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein for membrane fusion and reduces viral control by the humoral immune response","volume":"85","author":"Glowacka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8008","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.12.8008-8016.1994","article-title":"Major receptor-binding and neutralization determinants are located within the same domain of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (coronavirus) spike protein","volume":"68","author":"Godet","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X113116660062","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement and the risk of HIV infection","volume":"11","author":"Gorlani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. HIV Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.119.6.2100","article-title":"Lymphocyte cytotoxicity to influenza virus-infected cells. II. Requirement for antibody and non-T lymphocytes","volume":"119","author":"Greenberg","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0385","author":"Greffex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.040","article-title":"Making sense of mutation: what D614G means for the COVID-19 pandemic remains unclear","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0395","author":"GSK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2018.07.009","article-title":"A role for fc function in therapeutic monoclonal antibody-mediated protection against ebola virus","volume":"24","author":"Gunn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9020321","article-title":"Targeting CD38-Expressing multiple myeloma and burkitt lymphoma cells in vitro with nanobody-based chimeric antigen receptors (Nb-CARs)","volume":"9","author":"Hambach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/363446a0","article-title":"Naturally occurring antibodies devoid of light chains","volume":"363","author":"Hamers-Casterman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2006.01.029","article-title":"Identification of critical determinants on ACE2 for SARS-CoV entry and development of a potent entry inhibitor","volume":"350","author":"Han","year":"2006","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620720902904","article-title":"Caplacizumab in adult patients with acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura","volume":"11","author":"Hanlon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Hematol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0425","article-title":"Targeting ACE2-RBD interaction as a platform for COVID19 therapeutics: development and drug repurposing screen of an AlphaLISA proximity assay","author":"Hanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.05.017","article-title":"Prolonged in vivo residence times of llama single-domain antibody fragments in pigs by binding to porcine immunoglobulins","volume":"23","author":"Harmsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1113425","article-title":"Immune-correlates analysis of an HIV-1 vaccine efficacy trial","volume":"366","author":"Haynes","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.106","article-title":"Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine","volume":"324","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0445","author":"Heat Biologics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6134","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.12.6134-6142.2004","article-title":"S protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus mediates entry into hepatoma cell lines and is targeted by neutralizing antibodies in infected patients","volume":"78","author":"Hofmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409465102","article-title":"Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry","volume":"102","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006565","article-title":"Enhanced inflammation in New Zealand white rabbits when MERS-CoV reinfection occurs in the absence of neutralizing antibody","volume":"13","author":"Houser","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1021\/cc0500607","article-title":"Screening and identification of linear B-cell epitopes and entry-blocking peptide of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus using synthetic overlapping peptide library","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comb. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.06.047","article-title":"Priming with SARS CoV S DNA and boosting with SARS CoV S epitopes specific for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells promote cellular immune responses","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000146120.29648.36","article-title":"Structure-based discovery of a novel angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 inhibitor","volume":"44","author":"Huentelman Matthew","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0485","series-title":"Advances in Virus Research, Coronaviruses.","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2016.08.004","article-title":"Chapter Two - coronavirus spike protein and tropism changes","author":"Hulswit","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0490","unstructured":"IAVI and Batavia Biosciences Announce Collaboration on VSV-vector Based Epidemic Preparedness Vaccines:https:\/\/www.iavi.org\/newsroom\/press-releases\/2020\/iavi-and-batavia-announce-collaboration-vsv-vector-epidemic-preparedness-vaccines. March 5, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0495","unstructured":"Imperial College London. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsarena.com\/news\/imperial-college-covid-vaccine\/. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0500","unstructured":"Improvement of Pharmacokinetic Profile of TRAIL via Trimer-Tag Enhances its Antitumor Activity in vivo. - PubMed - NCBI [WWW Document], n.d. URL https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/28827692 (accessed 5.6.20)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0505","author":"IMV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0510","unstructured":"Inovio Pharmaceuticals\/International Vaccine Institute. http:\/\/ir.inovio.com\/news-releases\/news-releases-details\/2020\/INOVIO-and-IVI-Partner-with-Seoul-National-University-Hospital-to-Start-Phase-12-Clinical-Trial-of-INOVIOs-COVID-19-DNA-Vaccine-INO-4800-in-South-Korea\/default.aspx. Accessed July 29, 2020, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0515","unstructured":"Institute of Medical Biology, Chinesee Academy of Medical Sciences. http:\/\/english.nmpa.gov.cn\/2020-06\/22\/c_502093.htm. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0321-6","article-title":"The potential danger of suboptimal antibody responses in COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc6284","article-title":"DNA vaccine protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0530","article-title":"An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 \u2014 preliminary report","volume":"0","author":"Jackson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10582","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00671-11","article-title":"Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike antibodies trigger infection of human immune cells via a pH- and cysteine protease-independent Fc\u03b3R pathway","volume":"85","author":"Jaume","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400432","article-title":"Influenza-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity: toward a universal influenza vaccine","volume":"193","author":"Jegaskanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-020-05313-w","article-title":"A high affinity nanobody against endothelin receptor type B: a new approach to the treatment of melanoma","volume":"47","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1723441","article-title":"An emerging coronavirus causing pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan, China: calling for developing therapeutic and prophylactic strategies","volume":"9","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0555","article-title":"Neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Immunology S1471490620300570."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0560","unstructured":"Johns Hopkins University: https:\/\/coronavirus.jhu.edu\/map.html. Accessed on August 19, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0565","author":"Johnson & Johnson"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2004.07.013","article-title":"Identification of novel small-molecule inhibitors of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus by chemical genetics","volume":"11","author":"Kao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan6836","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of severe dengue disease in humans","volume":"358","author":"Katzelnick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0580","unstructured":"Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc. https:\/\/www.kentucky.com\/news\/coronavirus\/article241709386.html. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00597","article-title":"Modulation of Dengue\/Zika virus pathogenicity by antibody-dependent enhancement and strategies to protect against enhancement in zika virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Khandia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a120955","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus disease in infants despite prior administration of antigenic inactivated vaccine","volume":"89","author":"Kim","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102743","article-title":"Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: immunogenicity and rapid translational development","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.04.065","article-title":"Adenovirus-based vaccine prevents pneumonia in ferrets challenged with the SARS coronavirus and stimulates robust immune responses in macaques","volume":"25","author":"Kobinger","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.129.1.370","article-title":"Protection of neonatal mice against herpes simplex virus infection: probable in vivo antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity","volume":"129","author":"Kohl","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1086\/315208","article-title":"Limited antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity antibody response induced by a herpes simplex virus type 2 subunit vaccine","volume":"181","author":"Kohl","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.06.043","article-title":"Tracking changes in SARS-CoV-2 spike: evidence that D614G increases infectivity of the COVID-19 virus","author":"Korber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3285","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.71.4.3285-3287.1997","article-title":"Point mutations in the S protein connect the sialic acid binding activity with the enteropathogenicity of transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus","volume":"71","author":"Krempl","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S235058","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of Anti-GPC3 nanobody against hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"15","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0630","article-title":"The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity","volume":"2020","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.08.031","article-title":"Recombinant receptor binding domain protein induces partial protective immunity in Rhesus macaques against middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus challenge","volume":"2","author":"Lan","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0504","article-title":"The incubation period of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application","author":"Lauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaq0620","article-title":"Universal protection against influenza infection by a multidomain antibody to influenza hemagglutinin","volume":"362","author":"Laursen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0655","first-page":"33","article-title":"Plasmid DNA vaccines: assay for integration into host genomic DNA","volume":"104","author":"Ledwith","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dev. Biol. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030685","article-title":"A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong","volume":"348","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0688-y","article-title":"Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses","volume":"5","author":"Letko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02615-14","article-title":"Receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses: a decade of structural studies","volume":"89","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0685","article-title":"Selection and characterization of specific nanobody against bovine virus diarrhea virus (BVDV) E2 protein","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.02.022","article-title":"Nanobody against the E7 oncoprotein of human papillomavirus 16","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-020-02823-2","article-title":"Nanobody against PDL1","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.83331-0","article-title":"Identification of residues in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein of human coronavirus NL63 that are critical for the RBD\u2013ACE2 receptor interaction","volume":"89","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020538","article-title":"Incubation period and other epidemiological characteristics of 2019 novel coronavirus infections with right truncation: a statistical analysis of publicly available case data","volume":"9","author":"Linton","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0710","article-title":"A comparison of plasmid DNA and mRNA as vaccine technologies","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.02.009","article-title":"Adenoviral expression of a truncated S1 subunit of SARS-CoV spike protein results in specific humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV in rats","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123158","article-title":"Anti\u2013spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.123158","article-title":"Anti-spike IgG causes severe acute lung injury by skewing macrophage responses during acute SARS-CoV infection","volume":"4","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0740","article-title":"Cross-reactive antibody response between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV infections","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.026","article-title":"A SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00399-20","article-title":"Compounds with therapeutic potential against novel respiratory 2019 coronavirus","volume":"64","author":"Martinez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0755","series-title":"Advances in Virus Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3527(06)66005-3","article-title":"The molecular biology of coronaviruses","author":"Masters","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12658","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01542-10","article-title":"Efficient activation of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein by the transmembrane protease TMPRSS2","volume":"84","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0765","article-title":"The insert sequence in SARS-CoV-2 enhances spike protein cleavage by TMPRSS","volume":"2020","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2140","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01867-07","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"82","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0775","unstructured":"MIGAL\u2019s Coronavirus Vaccine Project:https:\/\/www.migal.org.il\/en\/node\/7010. Accessed May 21, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2019.12.017","article-title":"Evaluation the potential of recombinant anti-CD3 nanobody on immunomodulatory function","volume":"118","author":"Moradi-Kalbolandi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9379","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01277-13","article-title":"The receptor binding domain of the new Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus maps to a 231-residue region in the spike protein that efficiently elicits neutralizing antibodies.","volume":"87","author":"Mou","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00645-06","article-title":"Supramolecular Architecture of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Revealed by Electron Cryomicroscopy","volume":"80","author":"Neuman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0795","unstructured":"Novavax. https:\/\/ir.novavax.com\/news-releases\/news-release-details\/novavax-initiates-phase-12-clinical-trial-covid-19-vaccine. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0800","article-title":"The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV2 Spike protein increases infectivity in an ACE2 receptor dependent manner","volume":"2020","author":"Ogawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0805","unstructured":"OncoGen. OncoGen researchers propose personalized vaccinomics strategy for the novel China coronavirus: https:\/\/oncogen.ro\/oncogen-vaccine-design-for-coronavirus\/. Accessed May 21, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0810","unstructured":"Osaka University\/AnGes\/Takara Bio. https:\/\/www.takarabio.com\/about\/bioview-blog\/current-events\/dethroning-king-coronavirus-with-novel-vaccines. Accessed July 29, 2020, n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0815","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2017.243","article-title":"mRNA vaccines \u2014 a new era in vaccinology","volume":"17","author":"Pardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0820","series-title":"Drug Repurposing for Covid-19: Discovery of Potential Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Spike Protein-ACE2 Receptor Interaction Through Virtual Screening and Consensus Scoring","author":"Patil","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0825","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757","article-title":"Coronavirus infections\u2014more than just the common cold","volume":"323","author":"Paules","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0830","unstructured":"Pharmajet: Pharmajet partner with I.T.I. and EpiVax to develop and deliver COVID-10 Vaccine. April 15, 2020. https:\/\/www.immunomix.com\/pharmajet-partners-with-iti-and-epivax-to-develop-and-deliver-covid-19-vaccine\/. Accessed May 21, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0835","article-title":"Structural and functional basis of SARS-CoV-2 entry by using human ACE2","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0840","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0845","article-title":"Chimeric camel\/human heavy-chain antibodies protect against MERS-CoV infection.","volume":"4","author":"Raj","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0850","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01963","article-title":"New vaccine technologies to combat outbreak situations","volume":"9","author":"Rauch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0855","author":"ReiThera"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0860","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0227-7","article-title":"Characterization of a potent and highly unusual minimally-enhancing antibody directed against dengue virus","volume":"19","author":"Renner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0865","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0305-x","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0870","unstructured":"Saiba Biotech. Saiba proprietary technology has enabled scientists to generate a vaccine candidate against COVID-19 with preclinical proof-of-concept. https:\/\/www.saiba-biotech.com\/. Accessed May 21, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0875","unstructured":"Saint-Petersburg scientific research institute of vaccines and serums. May22, 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/who-documents-detail\/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. Accessed May 25, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0880","article-title":"The novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV, is highly contagious and more infectious than initially estimated (preprint)","author":"Sanche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0885","author":"Sanofi and GSK"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0890","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.07.033","article-title":"Systematic analysis of monoclonal antibodies against Ebola virus GP defines features that contribute to protection","volume":"174","author":"Saphire","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0895","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"SARS-CoV-2: DZIF scientists and the development of vaccines https:\/\/www.dzif.de\/en\/sars-cov-2-dzif-scientists-and-development-vaccines Mar 9 2020., n.d.","DOI":"10.69645\/LQZQ7630"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0900","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.38533","article-title":"Nanobody-based CD38-specific heavy chain antibodies induce killing of multiple myeloma and other hematological malignancies","volume":"10","author":"Schriewer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0905","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6232","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.65.11.6232-6237.1991","article-title":"The S protein of bovine coronavirus is a hemagglutinin recognizing 9-O-acetylated sialic acid as a receptor determinant","volume":"65","author":"Schultze","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0910","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1806311","article-title":"Caplacizumab treatment for acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic Purpura","author":"Scully","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0915","article-title":"Longitudinal evaluation and decline of antibody responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection (preprint)","author":"Seow","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infectious Diseases (except HIV\/AIDS)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0920","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003138117","article-title":"Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0925","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-9-215","article-title":"Sublingual immunization with recombinant adenovirus encoding SARS-CoV spike protein induces systemic and mucosal immunity without redirection of the virus to the brain","volume":"9","author":"Shim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0930","author":"Shionogi Inc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0935","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02062-10","article-title":"A transmembrane serine protease is linked to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor and activates virus entry","volume":"85","author":"Shulla","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0940","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11318","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01052-08","article-title":"The M, E, and N Structural Proteins of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Are Required for Efficient Assembly, Trafficking, and Release of Virus-Like Particles","volume":"82","author":"Siu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0945","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2011.12.012","article-title":"A hexapeptide of the receptor-binding domain of SARS corona virus spike protein blocks viral entry into host cells via the human receptor ACE2","volume":"94","author":"Struck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0950","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.03.003","article-title":"Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses","volume":"24","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0955","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2536","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0307140101","article-title":"Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association","volume":"101","author":"Sui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0960","author":"Symvivo Corporation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0965","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.10.005","article-title":"A recombinant receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV in trimeric form protects human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) transgenic mice from MERS-CoV infection","volume":"499","author":"Tai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0970","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-0400-4","article-title":"Characterization of the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of 2019 novel coronavirus: implication for development of RBD protein as a viral attachment inhibitor and vaccine","author":"Tai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0975","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.75.5.2324-2330.2001","article-title":"Infectivity-enhancing antibodies to ebola virus glycoprotein","volume":"75","author":"Takada","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0980","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7524","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201102834","article-title":"Artificial molecular clamp: a novel device for synthetic polymerases","volume":"50","author":"Takashima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Angew. Chemie Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0985","author":"Takis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0990","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.26430","article-title":"An alpaca nanobody inhibits hepatitis C virus entry and cell-to-cell transmission","volume":"58","author":"Tarr","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib0995","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16506-9","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibody as prophylaxis for SARS coronavirus infection in ferrets.","volume":"363","author":"ter Meulen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030237","article-title":"Human monoclonal antibody combination against SARS coronavirus: synergy and coverage of escape mutants","volume":"3","author":"ter Meulen","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1005","first-page":"72","article-title":"Is COVID-19 receiving ADE from other coronaviruses? Microbes and infection","volume":"22","author":"Tetro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Special issue on the new coronavirus causing the COVID-19 outbreak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1729069","article-title":"Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody","volume":"9","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1015","author":"Tonix Pharma"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1080","article-title":"An efficient method to make human monoclonal antibodies from memory B cells: potent neutralization of SARS coronavirus","volume":"10","author":"Traggiai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa030666","article-title":"A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong","volume":"348","author":"Tsang","year":"2003","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00658","article-title":"The current and future state of vaccines, antivirals and gene therapies against emerging coronaviruses","volume":"11","author":"Tse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24047","article-title":"Dengue fever, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), and antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE): a perspective","volume":"97","author":"Ulrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cytom. Part A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1040","author":"University of Hong Kong"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1045","author":"University of Ontario"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1050","unstructured":"University of Queensland \/GSK\/Dynavax. https:\/\/advance.qld.gov.au\/covid-19-fast-facts. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1055","unstructured":"University of Tokoyo and Daiichi Sankyo. Our Company\u2019s Efforts to Limit the Spread of the Virus that Causes COVID-19 Accessed May 21, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1060","author":"University of Waterloo"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1065","author":"USask"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1070","article-title":"ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques (preprint)","author":"van Doremalen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1075","author":"Vaxart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1080","author":"Vaxil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1085","unstructured":"Vaxine Pty Ltd\/Medytox. https:\/\/www.biospectrumasia.com\/news\/37\/16000\/vaxine-announces-covid-19-vaccine-collaboration-with-medytox.html. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.12.028","article-title":"Unexpected receptor functional mimicry elucidates activation of coronavirus fusion","volume":"176","author":"Walls","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1100","article-title":"Synthetic nanobodies targeting the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain","volume":"2020","author":"Walter","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1105","first-page":"e02015","article-title":"Molecular mechanism for antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus entry","volume":"94","author":"Wan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2014.07.090","article-title":"Antibody-dependent SARS coronavirus infection is mediated by antibodies against spike proteins","volume":"451","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2017.1296994","article-title":"Receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV with optimal immunogen dosage and immunization interval protects human transgenic mice from MERS-CoV infection","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1120","article-title":"A nanobody targeting viral nonstructural protein 9 inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1125","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1130","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1135","author":"WHO"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-8-16","article-title":"Extensive complement-dependent enhancement of HIV-1 by autologous non-neutralising antibodies at early stages of infection","volume":"8","author":"Willey","year":"2011","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5533","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.13.5533","article-title":"Receptor for mouse hepatitis virus is a member of the carcinoembryonic antigen family of glycoproteins","volume":"88","author":"Williams","year":"1991","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1150","article-title":"Structural basis for potent neutralization of betacoronaviruses by single-domain camelid antibodies (preprint)","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2507","article-title":"Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation","volume":"367","author":"Wrapp","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1160","unstructured":"Wuhan Institue of Biological Products\/Snopharm.https:\/\/www.fiercepharma.com\/pharma-asia\/china-s-sinopharm-touts-100-antibody-response-for-covid-19-vaccine-it-s-already-giving. Accessed on July 29, 2020., n.d."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2020.04.023","article-title":"Identification of human single-domain antibodies against SARS-CoV-2","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.02.005","article-title":"Phagocytic cells contribute to the antibody-mediated elimination of pulmonary-infected SARS coronavirus","volume":"454\u2013455","author":"Yasui","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1175","first-page":"25","article-title":"Antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS coronavirus infection and its role in the pathogenesis of SARS","volume":"22","author":"Yip","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hong Kong Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1180","article-title":"Progress and challenge of vaccine development against 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"54","author":"Yun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2015.03","article-title":"Identification of an ideal adjuvant for receptor-binding domain-based subunit vaccines against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/36.1.37","article-title":"DNA vaccine of SARS-Cov S gene induces antibody response in mice","volume":"36","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00837-18","article-title":"A novel nanobody targeting middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) receptor-binding domain has potent cross-neutralizing activity and protective efficacy against MERS-CoV","volume":"92","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14630-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People\u2019s Republic of China, in February, 2003","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12123","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701000104","article-title":"Potent cross-reactive neutralization of SARS coronavirus isolates by human monoclonal antibodies","volume":"104","author":"Zhu","year":"2007","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31208-3","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial","volume":"395","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1220","author":"Zydus Cadila"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1225","author":"Zydus Cadila"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141_bib1230","unstructured":"Hannah Balfour: Biotech and academia collaborate on intranasal COVID-19 vaccine development:https:\/\/www.drugtargetreview.com\/news\/59182\/biotech-and-academia-collaborate-on-intranasal-covid-19-vaccine-development\/ 2 April 2020, n.d."}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170220310480?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170220310480?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:10:56Z","timestamp":1759155056000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170220310480"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"references-count":246,"alternative-id":["S0168170220310480"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prospect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Potential role in vaccine and therapeutic development","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198141","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"198141"}}