{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:36:36Z","timestamp":1785803796889,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,1]],"date-time":"2021-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609459200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T11:01:47Z","timestamp":1605956507000},"page":"198235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":111,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Putative roles of vitamin D in modulating immune response and immunopathology associated with COVID-19"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"292","author":[{"given":"Raman","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himani","family":"Rathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afrozul","family":"Haq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunil J.","family":"Wimalawansa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7761-5511","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alpana","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.9.3086","article-title":"The human antimicrobial and chemotactic peptides LL-37 and alpha-defensins are expressed by specific lymphocyte and monocyte populations","volume":"96","author":"Agerberth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0010","series-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Could Possibly Improve Clinical Outcomes of Patients Infected with Coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19)","author":"Alipio","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0820-9","article-title":"The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"26","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0020","first-page":"108490","article-title":"Treating COVID-19 with colchicine in community healthcare setting. Clin","volume":"217","author":"Della-Torre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1306742","article-title":"Hospital outbreak of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"369","author":"Assiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-015-0837-x","article-title":"Vitamin D status as a synthetic biomarker of health status","volume":"51","author":"Autier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(17)30357-1","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on non-skeletal disorders: a systematic review of meta-analyses and randomised trials","volume":"5","author":"Autier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: modulator of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.12.015","article-title":"The SARS-coronavirus papain-like protease: structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds","volume":"115","author":"B\u00e1ez-Santos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9541","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9541","article-title":"The peptide antibiotic LL-37\/hCAP-18 is expressed in epithelia of the human lung where it has broad antimicrobial activity at the airway surface","volume":"95","author":"Bals","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e65835","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065835","article-title":"Vitamin D and respiratory tract infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Bergman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0060","first-page":"4164","article-title":"Combination of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) with dexamethasone enhances cell cycle arrest and apoptosis: role of nuclear receptor cross-talk and Erk\/Akt signaling","volume":"7","author":"Bernardi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511001991","article-title":"Vitamin D status has a linear association with seasonal infections and lung function in British adults","volume":"106","author":"Berry","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4974","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.167.9.4974","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 has a direct effect on naive CD4 +T cells to enhance the development of Th2 cells","volume":"167","author":"Boonstra","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400576101","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides","volume":"101","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00126","article-title":"Skeletal and extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions","volume":"40","author":"Bouillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0085","article-title":"Latitude dependence of the COVID-19 mortality rate\u2014a possible relationship to vitamin D deficiency?","author":"Braiman","year":"2020","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e86755","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0086755","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D on airway epithelial cell morphology and rhinovirus replication","volume":"9","author":"Brockman-Schneider","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0095","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency: a factor in COVID-19, progression, severity and mortality?\u2013An urgent call for research","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"MitoFit Preprint Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806007175","article-title":"Epidemic influenza and vitamin D","volume":"134","author":"Cannell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665110001722","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the effect of vitamin D on the immune system","volume":"69","author":"Cantorna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10050546","article-title":"Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) and Italian chapter of the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) position statement: clinical management of vitamin D deficiency in adults","volume":"10","author":"Cesareo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244","article-title":"Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"130","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7","article-title":"Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study","volume":"395","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecl.2010.02.002","article-title":"Vitamin D: metabolism","volume":"39","author":"Christakos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2015","article-title":"Vitamin D: metabolism, molecular mechanism of action, and pleiotropic effects","volume":"96","author":"Christakos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2005.67130.x","article-title":"Acute renal impairment in coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"67","author":"Chu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0145","unstructured":"Chinese doctors \u201cusing plasma therapy\u201d on COVID-19 patients, CNA. (n.d.). https:\/\/www.channelnewsasia.com\/news\/asia\/chinese-doctors-using-plasma-therapy-on-covid-19-patients-12444244 (accessed June 8, 2020)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0695-z","article-title":"The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2","volume":"5","author":"Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104742","article-title":"The spike glycoprotein of the new coronavirus 2019-nCoV contains a furin-like cleavage site absent in CoV of the same clade","volume":"176","author":"Coutard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antivir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867323666161220105821","article-title":"Vitamin D: autoimmunity and Gender","volume":"24","author":"Crescioli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73659","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073659","article-title":"The human cathelicidin LL-37 has antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"8","author":"Currie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206680","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency contributes directly to the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)","volume":"70","author":"Dancer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2013.213","article-title":"History of the discovery of vitamin D and its active metabolites","volume":"3","author":"DeLuca","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e525","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030525","article-title":"Vaccine efficacy in senescent mice challenged with recombinant SARS-CoV bearing epidemic and zoonotic spike variants","volume":"3","author":"Deming","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0185","first-page":"ciaa601","article-title":"COVID-19 management task force, early short course corticosteroids in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","author":"Fadel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.4.1907-1916.2005","article-title":"Apoptosis, pyroptosis, and necrosis: mechanistic description of dead and dying eukaryotic cells","volume":"73","author":"Fink","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0195","first-page":"152","article-title":"The story of a vitamin for bone health that upgraded to hormone for systemic good health","volume":"2","author":"Gallo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15796","article-title":"Editorial: low population mortality from COVID-19 in countries south of latitude 35 degrees North-supports vitamin D as a factor determining severity. Authors\u2019 reply","volume":"51","author":"Garg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.1.270","article-title":"Suppressive effect of 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on type I IFN-mediated monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells: impairment of functional activities and chemotaxis","volume":"174","author":"Gauzzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2008.560","article-title":"Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the third national health and nutrition examination survey","volume":"169","author":"Ginde","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01414","article-title":"Controversies in vitamin D: summary statement from an international conference","volume":"104","author":"Giustina","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-4-853","article-title":"Virus-encoded proteinases and proteolytic processing in the Nidovirales","volume":"81","author":"Gorbalenya","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0564-0","article-title":"Targeted 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration measurements and vitamin D3 supplementation can have important patient and public health benefits","volume":"74","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0230","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation could prevent and treat influenza, coronavirus, and pneumonia infections","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12040988","article-title":"Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths","volume":"12","author":"Grant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4240","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7064240","article-title":"Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Greiller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7090","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7090","article-title":"Respiratory epithelial cells convert inactive vitamin D to its active form: potential effects on host defense","volume":"181","author":"Hansdottir","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2011.05.010","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor (VDR)-mediated actions of 1\u03b1,25(OH)2vitamin D3: genomic and non-genomic mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Haussler","year":"2011","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0160482","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160482","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D modulates antibacterial and inflammatory response in human cigarette smoke-exposed macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Heulens","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36228","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.244061","article-title":"Dexamethasone enhances 1\u03b1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 effects by increasing vitamin D receptor transcription","volume":"286","author":"Hidalgo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-018-0797-z","article-title":"Blood lead levels in occupationally exposed workers involved in battery factories of Delhi-NCR region: effect on vitamin D and calcium metabolism","volume":"35","author":"Himani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0280","first-page":"236","article-title":"Association of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphism with blood lead levels in occupationally lead exposed male battery workers in Delhi - NCR region","volume":"57","author":"Himani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J. of Biochem. Bio."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0285","first-page":"179","article-title":"Cancer, sunlight and vitamin D","volume":"1","author":"Holick","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0290","article-title":"Effect of dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary report","author":"Horby","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (except HIV\/AIDS)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.01.009","article-title":"The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health\u2014the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China","volume":"91","author":"Hui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108544","article-title":"Therapeutic blockade of inflammation in severe COVID-19 infection with intravenous N-acetylcysteine","volume":"219","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01570-8","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0315","first-page":"1","article-title":"COVID-19 infection and glucocorticoids: update from the Italian Society of Endocrinology Expert Opinion on steroid replacement in adrenal insufficiency","author":"Isidori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/emi.2012.26","article-title":"Understanding the T cell immune response in SARS coronavirus infection","volume":"1","author":"Janice Oh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0325","first-page":"5","article-title":"Drug firms mobilize to combat coronavirus outbreak","volume":"98","author":"Jarvis","year":"2020","journal-title":"C EN"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14614","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.23.14614-14621.2005","article-title":"ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia","volume":"79","author":"Jia","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0335","first-page":"ciaa201","article-title":"A well infant with coronavirus disease 2019 with high viral load","author":"Kam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0340","first-page":"1","article-title":"\u2018Scientific strabismus\u2019 or two related pandemics: COVID-19 & vitamin D deficiency","author":"Kara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22417","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M710415200","article-title":"Role of human \u03b2-defensin-2 during tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB-mediated innate antiviral response against human respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"283","author":"Kota","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1267","article-title":"A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus\u2013induced lung injury","volume":"11","author":"Kuba","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.09.001","article-title":"Glucocorticoid dexamethasone down-regulates basal and vitamin D3 induced cathelicidin expression in human monocytes and bronchial epithelial cell line","volume":"221","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105588","article-title":"Unveiling molecular associations of polymorphic variants of VDR gene (FokI, BsmI and ApaI) in multiple myeloma patients of Indian population","volume":"199","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01226-17","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of vitamin D as supplemental therapy for pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"61","author":"Lei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.suppl_6.1704S","article-title":"Immunosuppressive actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: preferential inhibition of Th1 functions","volume":"125","author":"Lemire","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0375","first-page":"277","article-title":"[The keypoints in treatment of the critical coronavirus disease 2019 patient(2)], Zhonghua Jie He He Hu Xi Za Zhi Zhonghua Jiehe He Huxi Zazhi Chin","volume":"43","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Tuberc. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P23","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-18-0736","article-title":"Current vitamin D status in European and Middle East countries and strategies to prevent vitamin D deficiency: a position statement of the European Calcified Tissue Society","author":"Lips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15788-7","article-title":"Interaction between heptad repeat 1 and 2 regions in spike protein of SARS-associated coronavirus: implications for virus fusogenic mechanism and identification of fusion inhibitors","volume":"363","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.4.2060","article-title":"Cutting edge: vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosisIs dependent on the induction of cathelicidin","volume":"179","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239799","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239799","article-title":"Vitamin D sufficiency, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D at least 30 ng\/mL reduced risk for adverse clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infection","volume":"15","author":"Maghbooli","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medidd.2020.100041","article-title":"Does vitamin D status impact mortality from SARS-CoV-2 infection?","volume":"6","author":"Marik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108518","article-title":"Imatinib for COVID-19: a case report","volume":"218","author":"Morales-Ortega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30113-4","article-title":"Viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples","volume":"20","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.2174\/18715281113129990049","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and acute lung injury","volume":"12","author":"Parekh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Inflamm. Allergy-Drug Targets"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e84","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e84","article-title":"Virus isolation from the first patient with SARS-CoV-2 in Korea","volume":"35","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R27","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0432","article-title":"Vitamin D testing and treatment: a narrative review of current evidence","author":"Pilz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2017.01.021","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation guidelines","volume":"175","author":"Pludowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6310748","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptors in human leukocytes","volume":"221","author":"Provvedini","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0440","first-page":"ciaa248","article-title":"Dysregulation of immune response in patients with coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/5813095","volume":"2018","author":"Rondanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05991-x","article-title":"Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China","volume":"46","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.200425995","article-title":"Vitamin D3 down-regulates monocyte TLR expression and triggers hyporesponsiveness to pathogen-associated molecular patterns","volume":"36","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108603","article-title":"Curb complement to cure COVID-19","volume":"221","author":"Satyam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00806-5","article-title":"Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today\u2019s diseases","volume":"3","author":"Savarino","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0470","first-page":"39","article-title":"Short-term dexamethasone in Sars-CoV-2 patients","volume":"103","author":"Selvaraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"R. I. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.12982","article-title":"Effect of single\u2010dose injection of vitamin D on immune cytokines in ulcerative colitis patients: a randomized placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Sharifi","year":"2019","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses","volume":"9","author":"Sheahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.109767","article-title":"Vitamin D: a simpler alternative to tocilizumab for trial in COVID-19?","volume":"140","author":"Silberstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/cmi.2013.61","article-title":"Suppression of innate antiviral response by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus M protein is mediated through the first transmembrane domain","volume":"11","author":"Siu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35482","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102876200","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3-induced monocyte antimycobacterial activity is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mediated by the NADPH-dependent phagocyte oxidase","volume":"276","author":"Sly","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010059","article-title":"From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4267","article-title":"Defective control of vitamin D receptor-mediated epithelial STAT1 signalling predisposes to severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: vitamin D receptor and RSV infection","volume":"232","author":"Stoppelenburg","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8","article-title":"The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention","volume":"20","author":"Tay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5448.1467","article-title":"Cultivation of a novel type of common-cold virus in organ cultures","volume":"1","author":"Tyrrell","year":"1965","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.29094","article-title":"Randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation to prevent seasonal influenza A in schoolchildren","volume":"91","author":"Urashima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.020","article-title":"Group 2 coronaviruses prevent immediate early interferon induction by protection of viral RNA from host cell recognition","volume":"361","author":"Versteeg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30417-5","article-title":"Dexamethasone treatment for the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multicentre, randomised controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Villar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30185-9","article-title":"A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus\u2013infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China","volume":"323","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0550","first-page":"432","article-title":"Global epidemic of coronavirus\u2014Covid-19: what can we do to minimize risks","volume":"7","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2020","journal-title":"European J. Biomedical."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2004.02415.x","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C300520200","article-title":"A 193-amino acid fragment of the SARS coronavirus S protein efficiently binds angiotensin-converting enzyme 2","volume":"279","author":"Wong","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0565","series-title":"Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Situation Reports 114","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0570","first-page":"325","article-title":"Receptor, and macroautophagy in inflammation and infection","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Discov. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.0994","article-title":"Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.11.054","article-title":"The SARS-CoV S glycoprotein: expression and functional characterization","volume":"312","author":"Xiao","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0585","unstructured":"Xinhua, 2020. China puts 245 COVID-19 patients on convalescent plasma therapy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30076-X","article-title":"Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(20)30079-5","article-title":"Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6337","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.9.6337","article-title":"Prior immunization with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) nucleocapsid protein causes severe pneumonia in mice infected with SARS-CoV","volume":"181","author":"Yasui","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2007.03.003","article-title":"Induction of cathelicidin in normal and CF bronchial epithelial cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"6","author":"Yim","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.13196","article-title":"MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia: MERS, SARS and coronaviruses","volume":"23","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0615","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of 82 death cases with COVID-19","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (except HIV\/AIDS)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.7326\/M20-0533","article-title":"Histopathologic changes and SARS-CoV-2 immunostaining in the lung of a patient with COVID-19","volume":"172","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14630-2","article-title":"Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People\u2019s Republic of China, in February, 2003","volume":"362","author":"Zhong","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3","article-title":"Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"395","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0640","first-page":"nwaa041","article-title":"Pathogenic T-cells and inflammatory monocytes incite inflammatory storms in severe COVID-19 patients","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001737","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients","volume":"382","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170220311424?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170220311424?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:11:33Z","timestamp":1759155093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170220311424"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":129,"alternative-id":["S0168170220311424"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Putative roles of vitamin D in modulating immune response and immunopathology associated with COVID-19","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2020.198235","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"198235"}}