{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T01:48:12Z","timestamp":1777859292536,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,24]],"date-time":"2023-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020616","name":"Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020616","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/SAU-SER\/30788\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/SAU-SER\/30788\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NORTE-01\\u20130246-FEDER-000063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01\\u20130246-FEDER-000063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T22:52:49Z","timestamp":1680389569000},"page":"199104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Occult hepatitis C infection identified in injection drug users with direct antiviral agents therapy and spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C virus infection"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"329","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9771-8769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eliane","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Canh\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Madaleno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ad\u00e9lia","family":"Sim\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Armando","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1086\/380202","article-title":"Occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients in whom the etiology of persistently abnormal results of liver-function tests is unknown","volume":"189","author":"Castillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2017.00053","article-title":"Occult Hepatitis C virus infection: a review","volume":"6","author":"Austria","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v13.i2.242","article-title":"Occult hepatitis C virus infection in the middle east and eastern mediterranean countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Hedayati-Moghaddam","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.5604\/01.3001.0010.0277","article-title":"Occult Hepatitis C infection among hemodialysis patients: a prevalence study","volume":"16","author":"Naghdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12507","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48966-9","article-title":"Evaluation of hepatitis C viral RNA persistence in HIV-infected patients with long-term sustained virological response by droplet digital","volume":"9","author":"Frias","year":"2019","journal-title":"PCR. Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245874","article-title":"Occult infection with hepatitis C virus: looking for clear-cut boundaries and methodological consensus","volume":"10","author":"Wroblewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0007","first-page":"237","article-title":"Prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients who achieved sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents","volume":"26","author":"Yousif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infez. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.07.043","article-title":"Detection of residual HCV-RNA in patients who have achieved sustained virological response is associated with persistent histological abnormality","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0205659","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of Occult Hepatitis C infections in blood donors from Mexico City","volume":"13","author":"Martinez-Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-016-3049-7","article-title":"Seronegative and occult hepatitis C virus infections in patients with hematological disorders","volume":"162","author":"Helaly","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-4066-5","article-title":"Molecular diagnosis of occult hepatitis C virus infection in Iranian injection drug users","volume":"164","author":"Sheikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-019-04353-3","article-title":"High prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus infection in injection drug users with HIV infection","volume":"164","author":"Donyavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12098","article-title":"Rare occurrence of occult hepatitis C virus in apparently uninfected injecting drug users: a two-centre, masked, case-control study","volume":"20","author":"Sugden","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0338-y","article-title":"High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and low level of awareness among people who recently started injecting drugs in a cross-sectional study in Germany, 2011-2014: missed opportunities for hepatitis C testing","volume":"17","author":"Enkelmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm. Reduct. J"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.11.014","article-title":"Non-injection drug use and Hepatitis C Virus: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Scheinmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2009.01105.x","article-title":"Never injected, but hepatitis C virus-infected: a study among self-declared never-injecting drug users from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies","volume":"16","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Viral Hepat."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1590\/2237-6089-2016-0076","article-title":"Hepatitis C: clinical and biological features related to different forms of cocaine use","volume":"39","author":"Schuch-Goi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Psychiatry Psychother"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.002","article-title":"Detection of occult hepatitis C virus infection in patients who achieved a sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents for recurrent infection after liver transplantation","volume":"152","author":"Elmasry","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4103\/ejim.ejim_24_19","article-title":"Prevalence and effect of occult hepatitis C infection in patients with persistent liver enzyme elevation after achieving 24 weeks of sustained virological response","volume":"31","author":"Mohamed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S181638","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of occult hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian patients who achieved sustained virologic response to sofosbuvir\/daclatasvir therapy: a multi-center study","volume":"12","author":"Mekky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/579147","article-title":"A New Twist to a chronic HCV infection: occult Hepatitis C","volume":"2015","author":"Attar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pract."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001316","article-title":"Long-term follow-up after cure from chronic hepatitis C virus infection shows occult hepatitis and a risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in noncirrhotic patients","volume":"31","author":"Lybeck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31060","article-title":"Hepatitis C guidance 2019 update: American Association for the study of liver diseases-infectious diseases society of america recommendations for testing, managing, and treating hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"71","author":"Ghany","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"omac049","DOI":"10.1093\/omcr\/omac049","article-title":"DAA treatment failures in a low-resource setting with a high burden of hepatitis C infections: a case series","volume":"2022","author":"Zahid","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxf. Med. Case Rep."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0025","article-title":"Occult hepatitis C infection detection in people who use drugs with or without direct-antiviral agents therapy","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Liver Congress 2022; London, United Kingdom: J. Hepatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15406\/ppij.2023.11.00394","article-title":"Occult hepatitis C infection: viruses with infectious potential in Huh7.5 and MDBK cell lines suggest HCV\/OCI transmission","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Pharmacol. Int. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1590\/S0004-28032013000100008","article-title":"Hfe mutations and iron overload in patients with alcoholic liver disease","volume":"50","author":"Costa-Matos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arq. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049820","article-title":"Endogenous hepatitis C virus homolog fragments in European rabbit and hare genomes replicate in cell culture","volume":"7","author":"Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14535","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14535","article-title":"Hepatitis C-like viruses are produced in cells from rabbit and hare DNA","volume":"5","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2017.00034","article-title":"Occult HCV Infection (OCI) diagnosis in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic naive patients by Intra-PBMC Nested Viral RNA PCR","volume":"5","author":"Abd Alla","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2022.23.9.2965","article-title":"Detection of occult Hepatitis C virus infection in egyptian patients who achieved a sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents","volume":"23","author":"Mashaal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0032","first-page":"131","article-title":"Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HCV-infected patients following sustained virologic response","volume":"23","author":"Khattab","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1086\/514024","article-title":"Distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in whole blood and blood cell fractions: plasma HCV RNA analysis underestimates circulating virus load","volume":"176","author":"Schmidt","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520252903143","article-title":"Localization of hepatitis C virus RNA on human erythrocytes by RT in situ PCR technique","volume":"37","author":"Lotz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0035","series-title":"Frontiers in Viral Hepatitis","first-page":"131","article-title":"Chapter 12 - In situ localization of PCR-amplified hepatitis C virus RNA on human erythrocytes","author":"Simon","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2013.05.004","article-title":"HCV RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as a predictor of the response to antiviral therapy in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"50","author":"Hanno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Alexandria J. Med."}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170223000667?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170223000667?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:28:34Z","timestamp":1777508914000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170223000667"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["S0168170223000667"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Occult hepatitis C infection identified in injection drug users with direct antiviral agents therapy and spontaneous resolution of hepatitis C virus infection","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199104","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"199104"}}