{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:42:13Z","timestamp":1790682133455,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T13:26:41Z","timestamp":1697203601000},"page":"199238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Rhein suppresses African swine fever virus replication in vitro via activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"338","author":[{"given":"Zebu","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanchen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lang","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ZeZhong","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2017.04.011","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of rhein isolated from the flowers of Cassia fistula L. and possible underlying mechanisms","volume":"26","author":"Antonisamy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400823","article-title":"Host defense, viruses and apoptosis","volume":"8","author":"Barber","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0341-y","article-title":"Targeting apoptosis in cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Carneiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1289","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.14573","article-title":"Risk factors for the spread of African swine fever in China: a systematic review of Chinese-language literature","volume":"69","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transbound. Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.173908","article-title":"A research update on the therapeutic potential of rhein and its derivatives","volume":"899","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2019.04.002","article-title":"African swine fever virus evasion of host defences","volume":"266","author":"Dixon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.3390\/v9090241","article-title":"Investigations of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors affecting African swine fever virus replication and pathogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Dixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(99)01487-0","article-title":"Apoptosis: an innate immune response to virus infection","volume":"7","author":"Everett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3390\/v9050103","article-title":"African swine fever virus: a review","volume":"9","author":"Galindo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.1878515","article-title":"Assessment of antiviral activity and mechanism of rhein on newcastle disease virus (La Sota strain IV) in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.22830","article-title":"Apoptotic effects of rhein through the mitochondrial pathways, two death receptor pathways, and reducing autophagy in human liver L02 cells","volume":"34","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.49514","article-title":"Inhibition of PI3K\/AKT signaling via ROS regulation is involved in Rhein-induced apoptosis and enhancement of oxaliplatin sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0013","article-title":"Toosendanin suppresses African swine fever virus replication through upregulating interferon regulatory factor 1 in porcine alveolar macrophage cultures","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8151","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15474","article-title":"Hinokiflavone induces apoptosis via activating mitochondrial ROS\/JNK\/caspase pathway and inhibiting NF-\u03baB activity in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Mu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400476","article-title":"Emerging roles of caspase-3 in apoptosis","volume":"6","author":"Porter","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009616228304","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction","volume":"5","author":"Simon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-013-1034-4","article-title":"Oxidative stress: the mitochondria-dependent and mitochondria-independent pathways of apoptosis","volume":"87","author":"Sinha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00247","article-title":"A comprehensive and system review for the pharmacological mechanism of action of rhein, an active anthraquinone ingredient","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0019","first-page":"8","article-title":"Rhein induces liver cancer cells apoptosis via activating ROS-dependent JNK\/Jun\/caspase-3 signaling pathway","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10630","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b04434","article-title":"Ochratoxin A-induced apoptosis of IPEC-J2 cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening pathway","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0021","article-title":"Anti-influenza A virus activity of rhein through regulating oxidative stress, TLR4, Akt, MAPK, and NF-\u03baB signal pathways","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0022","article-title":"Structure of African swine fever virus and associated molecular mechanisms underlying infection and immunosuppression: a review","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6642","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.204236","article-title":"Rhein promotes TRAIL-induced apoptosis in bladder cancer cells by up-regulating DR5 expression","volume":"14","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2019.07.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases and drug targets via apoptotic signaling","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2020.01.007","article-title":"The structure of ASFV advances the fight against the disease","volume":"45","author":"Xian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.978243","article-title":"Clinical sequencing uncovers the genomic characteristics and mutation spectrum of the 2018 African swine fever virus in Guangdong, China","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01919-21","article-title":"African swine fever virus regulates host energy and amino acid metabolism to promote viral replication","volume":"96","author":"Xue","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-021-01637-6","article-title":"Mechanism of interaction between virus and host is inferred from the changes of gene expression in macrophages infected with African swine fever virus CN\/GS\/2018 strain","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6687185","article-title":"Antioxidants targeting mitochondrial oxidative stress: promising neuroprotectants for epilepsy","volume":"2020","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0030","article-title":"Structure and function of African swine fever virus proteins: current understanding","volume":"14","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1060","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041060","article-title":"Rhein induces cell death in HepaRG cells through cell cycle arrest and apoptotic pathway","volume":"19","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2048","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520621666211126090906","article-title":"Role of mitochondrial membrane potential and lactate dehydrogenase A in apoptosis","volume":"22","author":"Zaib","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anticancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2020.105715","article-title":"Cadmium induces mitochondrial ROS inactivation of XIAP pathway leading to apoptosis in neuronal cells","volume":"121","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0034","article-title":"Rhein: a review of pharmacological activities","volume":"2015","author":"Zhou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med. ECAM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1100\/tsw.2002.214","article-title":"Regulation of apoptosis in African swine fever virus-infected macrophages","volume":"2","author":"Zsak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. World J."}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170223002009?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170223002009?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:20:58Z","timestamp":1759155658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170223002009"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0168170223002009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Rhein suppresses African swine fever virus replication in vitro via activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptosis pathway","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199238","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"199238"}}