{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T20:20:58Z","timestamp":1786998058721,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,21]],"date-time":"2023-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700524800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI35270"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI35270"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006132","name":"Office of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DE-AC05-00OR22725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC05-00OR22725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006132","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007092","name":"Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007092","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000070","name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000070","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,8]],"date-time":"2023-12-08T19:29:50Z","timestamp":1702063790000},"page":"199283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Analysis of the molecular determinants for furin cleavage of the spike protein S1\/S2 site in defined strains of the prototype coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"340","author":[{"given":"Annette","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina D.","family":"Kots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanndria T.","family":"Singleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harel","family":"Weinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8037-3816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary R.","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6048","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.78.11.6048-6054.2004","article-title":"Cleavage inhibition of the murine coronavirus spike protein by a furin-like enzyme affects cell-cell but not virus-cell fusion","volume":"78","author":"de Haan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14451","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.22.14451-14456.2005","article-title":"Murine coronavirus with an extended host range uses heparan sulfate as an entry receptor","volume":"79","author":"de Haan","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzh013","article-title":"Prediction of proprotein convertase cleavage sites","volume":"17","author":"Duckert","year":"2004","journal-title":"Protein Eng Des Sel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.01.006","article-title":"Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern link to increased spike cleavage and virus transmission","volume":"30","author":"Escalera","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Host & Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.56.3.912-920.1985","article-title":"Proteolytic cleavage of the E2 glycoprotein of murine coronavirus: host-dependent differences in proteolytic cleavage and cell fusion","volume":"56","author":"Frana","year":"1985","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/MRA.00248-21","article-title":"Coding-Complete Genome Sequence of Murine Hepatitis Virus Strain 3 from Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Garcia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiol Resour Announc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4504","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.67.8.4504-4512.1993","article-title":"Fusion-defective mutants of mouse hepatitis virus A59 contain a mutation in the spike protein cleavage signal","volume":"67","author":"Gombold","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01503-17","article-title":"Proofreading-Deficient Coronaviruses Adapt for Increased Fitness over Long-Term Passage without Reversion of Exoribonuclease-Inactivating Mutations","volume":"8","author":"Graepel","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3390\/v4040557","article-title":"Ready, set, fuse! The coronavirus spike protein and acquisition of fusion competence","volume":"4","author":"Heald-Sargent","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1038\/nsb941","article-title":"The crystal structure of the proprotein processing proteinase furin explains its stringent specificity","volume":"10","author":"Henrich","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Struct Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0026","series-title":"Coronaviruses and Arteriviruses","first-page":"529","article-title":"The Mouse Hepatitis Virus A59 Spike Protein is not Cleaved in Primary Hepatocyte and Glial Cell Cultures","author":"Hingley","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.23354","article-title":"CHARMM36 all-atom additive protein force field: validation based on comparison to NMR data","volume":"34","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Comput Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/58892","article-title":"A Fluorogenic Peptide Cleavage Assay to Screen for Proteolytic Activity: Applications for coronavirus spike protein activation","author":"Jaimes","year":"2019","journal-title":"JoVE doi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2020.04.009","article-title":"Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural Modeling of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Reveals an Evolutionary Distinct and Proteolytically Sensitive Activation Loop","volume":"432","author":"Jaimes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101212","article-title":"Proteolytic Cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and the Role of the Novel S1\/S2 Site","volume":"23","author":"Jaimes","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v12080880","article-title":"Of Mice and Men: The Coronavirus MHV and Mouse Models as a Translational Approach to Understand SARS-CoV-2","volume":"12","author":"K\u00f6rner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.0c00651","article-title":"The Basicity Makes the Difference: Improved Canavanine-Derived Inhibitors of the Proprotein Convertase Furin","volume":"12","author":"Lam van","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Med Chem Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01514-22","article-title":"Spike Protein Cleavage-Activation in the Context of the SARS-CoV-2 P681R Mutation: an Analysis from Its First Appearance in Lineage A.23.1 Identified in Uganda","volume":"10","author":"Lubinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0010","article-title":"Intrinsic furin-mediated cleavability of the spike S1\/S2 site from SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.529 (Omicron)","author":"Lubinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2021.103589","article-title":"Functional evaluation of the P681H mutation on the proteolytic activation of the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 (Alpha) spike","volume":"25","author":"Lubinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6822(87)90142-5","article-title":"Primary structure of the glycoprotein E2 of coronavirus MHV-A59 and identification of the trypsin cleavage site","volume":"161","author":"Luytjes","year":"1987","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00683-18","article-title":"Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein Is Not Activated Directly by Cellular Furin during Viral Entry into Target Cells","volume":"92","author":"Matsuyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2015.08.015","article-title":"MDTraj: A Modern Open Library for the Analysis of Molecular Dynamics Trajectories","volume":"109","author":"McGibbon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biophys J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2747","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.1c00518","article-title":"Why All the Fury over Furin?","volume":"65","author":"Osman","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20289","article-title":"Scalable molecular dynamics with NAMD","volume":"26","author":"Phillips","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Comput Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0004","series-title":"Mechanisms of Protease Action","first-page":"43","article-title":"General Aspects of Proteases","author":"Polg\u00e1r","year":"1989"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00442-06","article-title":"Endosomal Proteolysis by Cathepsins Is Necessary for Murine Coronavirus Mouse Hepatitis Virus Type 2 Spike-Mediated Entry","volume":"80","author":"Qiu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3699","article-title":"The biology and therapeutic targeting of the proprotein convertases","volume":"11","author":"Seidah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.30802\/AALAS-CM-21-000027","article-title":"Viral and Host Attributes Underlying the Origins of Zoonotic Coronaviruses in Bats","volume":"71","author":"Stout","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comparative Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100282","article-title":"Furin cleavage sites in the spike proteins of bat and rodent coronaviruses: Implications for virus evolution and zoonotic transfer from rodent species","volume":"13","author":"Stout","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02648-13","article-title":"A novel activation mechanism of avian influenza virus H9N2 by furin","volume":"88","author":"Tse","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0019","first-page":"18","article-title":"Decoding the RNA viromes in rodent lungs provides new insight into the origin and evolutionary patterns of rodent-borne pathogens in","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mainland Southeast Asia. Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0011","article-title":"S:D614G and S:H655Y are gateway mutations that act epistatically to promote SARS-CoV-2 variant fitness","author":"Yurkovetskiy","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2109905118","article-title":"Furin cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike is modulated by O-glycosylation","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170223002459?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170223002459?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:28:35Z","timestamp":1777508915000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170223002459"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":34,"alternative-id":["S0168170223002459"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2023.01.11.523687","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Analysis of the molecular determinants for furin cleavage of the spike protein S1\/S2 site in defined strains of the prototype coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2023.199283","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"199283"}}