{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T02:22:39Z","timestamp":1792894959114,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Hubei Province Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024AFB489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024AFB489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T15:10:59Z","timestamp":1753888259000},"page":"199611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in human viral pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"359","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2327-0735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingqing","family":"Shao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuqing","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0172","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010172","article-title":"Autophagy, apoptosis, vitamin D, and vitamin D receptor in hepatocellular carcinoma associated with hepatitis C virus","volume":"97","author":"Abdel-Mohsen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10111456","article-title":"Epidemiology of Human Bocavirus in the Middle East and North Africa: systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Abdelqader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathogens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aaw5589","article-title":"The replication-competent HIV-1 latent reservoir is primarily established near the time of therapy initiation","volume":"11","author":"Abrahams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59338-5","article-title":"TRIM23 mediates cGAS-induced autophagy in anti-HSV defense","volume":"16","author":"Acharya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.161","article-title":"The BCL-2 arbiters of apoptosis and their growing role as cancer targets","volume":"25","author":"Adams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mbs.2020.108347","article-title":"Cost analysis of treatment strategies for the control of HSV-2 infection in the U.S.: a mathematical modeling-based case study","volume":"324","author":"Almonte-Vega","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1847444","article-title":"HPV sensitizes OPSCC cells to cisplatin-induced apoptosis by inhibiting autophagy through E7-mediated degradation of AMBRA1","volume":"17","author":"Antonioli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181512","article-title":"The role of tumor suppressor p53 protein in HIV-host cell interactions","volume":"13","author":"Bakhanashvili","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.903498","article-title":"Autophagy hijacking in PBMC from COVID-19 patients results in lymphopenia","volume":"13","author":"Barbati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-0270-8","article-title":"Emerging connectivity of programmed cell death pathways and its physiological implications","volume":"21","author":"Bedoui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12060","article-title":"The global distribution and burden of dengue","volume":"496","author":"Bhatt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.21926","article-title":"A Fas gene polymorphism influences herpes simplex virus type 2 infection in South African women","volume":"82","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2011.04.042","article-title":"HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein biosynthesis, trafficking, and incorporation","volume":"410","author":"Checkley","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00899-2","article-title":"The role of autophagy in viral infections","volume":"30","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0015","first-page":"689","article-title":"Human papillomavirus infection and expression of ATPase family AAA domain containing 3A, a novel anti-autophagy factor, in uterine cervical cancer","volume":"28","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0003-6","article-title":"Autophagy during viral infection - a double-edged sword","volume":"16","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v13020320","article-title":"Human TRIM5alpha: autophagy connects cell-intrinsic HIV-1 restriction and innate immune sensor functioning","volume":"13","author":"Cloherty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9506","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00650-11","article-title":"The HIV-1 Tat protein has a versatile role in activating viral transcription","volume":"85","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2020.1831814","article-title":"HIV-1 Env induces pexophagy and an oxidative stress leading to uninfected CD4(+) T cell death","volume":"17","author":"Daussy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1042\/bj0600604","article-title":"Tissue fractionation studies. 6. Intracellular distribution patterns of enzymes in rat-liver tissue","volume":"60","author":"De Duve","year":"1955","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2017.4533","article-title":"Human bocavirus induces apoptosis and autophagy in human bronchial epithelial cells","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3532","article-title":"Autophagy in infection, inflammation and immunity","volume":"13","author":"Deretic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.09.025","article-title":"X protein variants of the autochthonous Latin American hepatitis B virus F genotype promotes human hepatocyte death by the induction of apoptosis and autophagy","volume":"242","author":"Elizalde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virus. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI26185","article-title":"Autophagy is involved in T cell death after binding of HIV-1 envelope proteins to CXCR4","volume":"116","author":"Espert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.09.005","article-title":"Matrix protein 2 of influenza A virus blocks autophagosome fusion with lysosomes","volume":"6","author":"Gannage","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host. Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01047","article-title":"Breakthrough: chloroquine phosphate has shown apparent efficacy in treatment of COVID-19 associated pneumonia in clinical studies","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3020","DOI":"10.3390\/v4113020","article-title":"HIV-1 induced bystander apoptosis","volume":"4","author":"Garg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2018.1536530","article-title":"EBV reduces autophagy, intracellular ROS and mitochondria to impair monocyte survival and differentiation","volume":"15","author":"Gilardini Montani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2030","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2022926","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with Covid-19","volume":"383","author":"Group","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa589","article-title":"Whole-exome sequencing of patients with recurrent HSV-2 lymphocytic mollaret meningitis","volume":"223","author":"Hait","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0031","first-page":"39","article-title":"Clinical and epidemiologic features of respiratory syncytial virus","volume":"372","author":"Hall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-020-04815-z","article-title":"Role of autophagy in nerve cell apoptosis in mice infected with street rabies virus","volume":"165","author":"Heydarabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3160","article-title":"Bacteria-autophagy interplay: a battle for survival","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2183-3","article-title":"Coordinated regulation of autophagy and apoptosis determines endothelial cell fate during Dengue virus type 2 infection","volume":"397","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21238974","article-title":"Autophagy and Autophagy-related diseases: a review","volume":"21","author":"Ichimiya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23299","volume":"84","author":"Imajoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v16050680","article-title":"Human Papillomavirus and associated cancers: a review","volume":"16","author":"Jensen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.01476-22","article-title":"The porcine cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-STING pathway exerts an unusual antiviral function independent of interferon and autophagy","volume":"96","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2022.198692","article-title":"Antiviral effect in association with anti-apoptosis and anti-autophagy of repurposing formoterol fumarate dihydrate on enterovirus A71-infected neuronal cells","volume":"311","author":"Jintana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Virus. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.04.025","article-title":"The beclin 1 interactome: modification and roles in the pathology of autophagy-related disorders","volume":"175","author":"Kaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10112266","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for acute viral Hepatitis in Bangladesh: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Kayesh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i12.1367","article-title":"Autophagy related protein 9A increase in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma and the role in apoptosis","volume":"12","author":"Kimkong","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.09.005","article-title":"A diversity of selective autophagy receptors determines the specificity of the autophagy pathway","volume":"76","author":"Kirkin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v16040500","article-title":"Friends and foes: the ambivalent role of autophagy in HIV-1 infection","volume":"16","author":"Klute","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S1499-3872(11)60047-7","article-title":"Cytokine and apoptosis gene polymorphisms influence the outcome of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"10","author":"Ksiaa Cheikhrouhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary. Pancreat. Dis. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14050351","article-title":"Autophagy and programmed cell death modalities interplay in HIV pathogenesis","volume":"14","author":"Lamsira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.12.006","article-title":"In vivo requirement for Atg5 in antigen presentation by dendritic cells","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunity."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04301-7","article-title":"p62\/SQSTM1-induced caspase-8 aggresomes are essential for ionizing radiation-mediated apoptosis","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2161","article-title":"Unveiling the roles of autophagy in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"7","author":"Levine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166260","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 spike promotes inflammation and apoptosis through autophagy by ROS-suppressed PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling","volume":"1867","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02193-17","article-title":"Respiratory syncytial virus replication is promoted by autophagy-mediated inhibition of apoptosis","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2013.10.014","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3-induced calpain activation facilitates the progeny virus replication via a likely mechanism related with both autophagy enhancement and apoptosis inhibition in the early phase of infection: an in vitro study in H9c2 cells","volume":"179","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-020-01822-9","article-title":"Development and application of reverse genetic technology for the influenza virus","volume":"57","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virus. Genes."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0251-z","article-title":"STING directly activates autophagy to tune the innate immune response","volume":"26","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-019-02788-3","article-title":"The dual role of HIV-1 gp120 V3 loop-induced autophagy in the survival and apoptosis of the primary rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2018.01.091","article-title":"Ginkgolic acid induces interplay between apoptosis and autophagy regulated by ROS generation in colon cancer","volume":"498","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0057","first-page":"828","article-title":"[Enterovirus 71 can induce autophagy and apoptosis of THP-1 macrophages]","volume":"40","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nan. Fang. Yi. Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0058","first-page":"1","article-title":"Human rabies prevention\u2013United States, 2008: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices","volume":"57","author":"Manning","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR. Recomm. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3735","article-title":"Self-consumption: the interplay of autophagy and apoptosis","volume":"15","author":"Marino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-022-01084-y","article-title":"Caspase-8 is required for HSV-1-induced apoptosis and promotes effective viral particle release via autophagy inhibition","volume":"30","author":"Marino-Merlo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0061","first-page":"214","article-title":"Bcl-2:beclin 1 complex: multiple, mechanisms regulating autophagy\/apoptosis toggle switch","volume":"2","author":"Marquez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2013.0003","article-title":"Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in RAW 264.7 macrophages infected with ectromelia orthopoxvirus","volume":"26","author":"Martyniszyn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viral. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb0910-823","article-title":"Autophagy in mammalian development and differentiation","volume":"12","author":"Mizushima","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005","article-title":"The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation","volume":"27","author":"Mizushima","year":"2011","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-15942-9","article-title":"Direct cleavage of caspase-8 by herpes simplex virus 1 tegument protein US11","volume":"12","author":"Musarra-Pizzo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37820","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M205313200","article-title":"HIV-1 Vpr induces apoptosis through caspase 9 in T cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"277","author":"Muthumani","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2010.01.007","article-title":"Autophagy protects against Sindbis virus infection of the central nervous system","volume":"7","author":"Orvedahl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Host. Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10546","article-title":"Image-based genome-wide siRNA screen identifies selective autophagy factors","volume":"480","author":"Orvedahl","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.14740\/gr1075w","article-title":"Autophagy related-protein 16-1 up-regulated in Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma and impaired apoptosis","volume":"11","author":"Peantum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterology. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1111\/tra.12412","article-title":"HIV-1 Nef: taking control of protein trafficking","volume":"17","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Traffic."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-014-9443-y","article-title":"Herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 modulate autophagy in SIRC corneal cells","volume":"39","author":"Petrovski","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2015-0507","article-title":"New use of an old drug: chloroquine reduces viral and ALT levels in HCV non-responders (a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial)","volume":"94","author":"Peymani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2015.1115939","article-title":"Constitutive autophagy contributes to resistance to TP53-mediated apoptosis in Epstein-Barr virus-positive latency III B-cell lymphoproliferations","volume":"11","author":"Pujals","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12043","article-title":"Autophagy in antiviral innate immunity","volume":"15","author":"Richetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.12.014","article-title":"Interactions between autophagy receptors and ubiquitin-like proteins form the molecular basis for selective autophagy","volume":"53","author":"Rogov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.09.009","article-title":"Autophagy, apoptosis, and the influenza virus M2 protein","volume":"6","author":"Rossman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host. Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401089","article-title":"The C-terminal moiety of HIV-1 Vpr induces cell death via a caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway","volume":"9","author":"Roumier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cell Death. Differ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2165","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.22240","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine on clinical status at 14 days in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"324","author":"Self","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMa"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S244","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.O116.063487","article-title":"Profiling subcellular protein phosphatase responses to coxsackievirus B3 infection of cardiomyocytes","volume":"16","author":"Shah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteomics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00939","article-title":"Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein","volume":"418","author":"Sheehy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0081","article-title":"IL-37 attenuated HPV induced inflammation and growth of oral epithelial cells via regulating autophagy","volume":"10","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1159\/000452474","article-title":"The preventive effect of the traditional Japanese herbal medicine, hochuekkito, against Influenza A virus via autophagy in vitro","volume":"99","author":"Takanashi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacology."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m1849","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1849","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in patients with mainly mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019: open label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"369","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2018.04.018","article-title":"Autophagy during early virus-host cell interactions","volume":"430","author":"Viret","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.058","article-title":"Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein","volume":"181","author":"Walls","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3481","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-44745-x","article-title":"Loss of TRIM29 mitigates viral myocarditis by attenuating PERK-driven ER stress response in male mice","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056966","article-title":"The interplays between autophagy and apoptosis induced by enterovirus 71","volume":"8","author":"Xi","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2025.2496436","article-title":"Porcine cGAS-STING signalling induced apoptosis negatively regulates STING downstream IFN response and autophagy via different mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftab036","article-title":"Knockdown of METTL3 inhibits enterovirus 71-induced apoptosis of mouse Schwann cell through regulation of autophagy","volume":"79","author":"Xiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2014.05.005","article-title":"Coxsackievirus B3 induces crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis to benefit its release after replicating in autophagosomes through a mechanism involving caspase cleavage of autophagy-related proteins","volume":"26","author":"Xin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03639-2","article-title":"EBV-LMP1 promotes radioresistance by inducing protective autophagy through BNIP3 in nasopharyngeal carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2017.10.014","article-title":"Autophagy activation is required for influenza A virus-induced apoptosis and replication","volume":"1865","author":"Yeganeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13225","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i47.13225","article-title":"Hepatitis B and C virus-induced hepatitis: apoptosis, autophagy, and unfolded protein response","volume":"21","author":"Yeganeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090776","article-title":"Interactions between autophagy and DNA viruses","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1766790","article-title":"Enterovirus 71 induces neural cell apoptosis and autophagy through promoting ACOX1 downregulation and ROS generation","volume":"11","author":"You","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1182","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1182","article-title":"Autophagy-related genes polymorphism in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Yousefi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1378838","article-title":"Autophagy pathway: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"14","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2100225118","article-title":"TBK1 recruitment to STING activates both IRF3 and NF-kappaB that mediate immune defense against tumors and viral infections","volume":"118","author":"Yum","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. u S. a"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00734-w","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory microenvironment and systemic accumulation of CXCR3+ cell exacerbate lung pathology of old rhesus macaques infected with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"6","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Signal. Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2016.12.024","article-title":"The role of autophagy in THP-1 macrophages resistance to HIV- vpr-induced apoptosis","volume":"351","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v9110316","article-title":"Virus infection and death receptor-mediated apoptosis","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.140111","article-title":"Genetic association of PRDM1-ATG5 intergenic region and autophagy with systemic lupus erythematosus in a Chinese population","volume":"70","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2020.106799","article-title":"BNIP3 deletion ameliorated enterovirus 71 infection-induced hand, foot and mouth disease via inhibiting apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammation in mice","volume":"87","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170225000899?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170225000899?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T09:03:37Z","timestamp":1755767017000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170225000899"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":104,"alternative-id":["S0168170225000899"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Interplay between autophagy and apoptosis in human viral pathogenesis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2025.199611","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"199611"}}