{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T19:28:36Z","timestamp":1793388516581,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:01:49Z","timestamp":1785884509000},"page":"199782","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["CRISPR-Cas systems as precision antimicrobials: Reversing the tide of antimicrobial resistance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"371","author":[{"given":"Mahsa","family":"Khosrojerdi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Ahmad","family":"Hashemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Besharati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Haghbin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2532-8198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir","family":"Azimian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6299","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"aaf5573","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5573","article-title":"C2c2 is a single-component programmable RNA-guided RNA-targeting CRISPR effector","volume":"353","author":"Abudayyeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0051","article-title":"New frontiers in CRISPR: addressing antimicrobial resistance with Cas9, Cas12, Cas13, and Cas14","volume":"11","author":"Agha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S453566","article-title":"Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of multidrug resistance and novel approaches of CRISPR\/Cas9-based genome-editing to combat this health emergency","volume":"Volume 19","author":"Allemailem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2019.03.006","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas14 is now part of the artillery for gene editing and molecular diagnostic","volume":"18","author":"Aquino-Jarquin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomed.: Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3659","article-title":"Applications of CRISPR technologies in research and beyond","volume":"34","author":"Barrangou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3043","article-title":"Exploiting CRISPR-Cas nucleases to produce sequence-specific antimicrobials","volume":"32","author":"Bikard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"6387","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aar6245","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas12a target binding unleashes indiscriminate single-stranded DNase activity","volume":"360","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00577","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals the flexibility of cordycepin network in Cordyceps militaris activated by L-alanine addition","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01123-23","article-title":"A type IF CRISPRi system unveils the novel role of CzcR in modulating multidrug resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3011","article-title":"Sequence-specific antimicrobials using efficiently delivered RNA-guided nucleases","volume":"32","author":"Citorik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0005","series-title":"WHO Fungal Priority Pathogens List to Guide research, Development and Public Health Action","author":"Coordination","year":"2022"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-00980-w","article-title":"A compact Cascade\u2013Cas3 system for targeted genome engineering","volume":"17","author":"Cs\u00f6rg\u0151","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Dagur, A. Jadhav, S. Sharma, M. Ghosh Regulatory Overview of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Pharmaceutical Regulatory Affairs: CRC Press. p. 111\u201326.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003570981-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00181-19","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance in ESKAPE pathogens","volume":"33","author":"De Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"6213","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1258096","article-title":"The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9","volume":"346","author":"Doudna","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0037","article-title":"PSIV-6 engineering microbes to develop novel direct fed microbials as an alternative to prophylactic antibiotic use in beef cattle production","author":"Fernando","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.2623","article-title":"High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells","volume":"31","author":"Fu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0034","article-title":"Nanotechnology in gene editing: pioneering CRISPR-Cas delivery systems to tackle antibiotic resistance","volume":"8","author":"Gholamian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S247271","article-title":"How CRISPR-Cas system could be used to combat antimicrobial resistance","volume":"Volume 13","author":"Gholizadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"issue":"6336","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aam9321","article-title":"Nucleic acid detection with CRISPR-Cas13a\/C2c2","volume":"356","author":"Gootenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.14.4121-4130.1995","article-title":"Tight regulation, modulation, and high-level expression by vectors containing the arabinose PBAD promoter","volume":"177","author":"Guzman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.13153","article-title":"Molecular detection and characterization of foodborne bacteria: recent progresses and remaining challenges","volume":"22","author":"Hadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12448-3","article-title":"Efficient inter-species conjugative transfer of a CRISPR nuclease for targeted bacterial killing","volume":"10","author":"Hamilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"6416","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav4294","article-title":"Programmed DNA destruction by miniature CRISPR-Cas14 enzymes","volume":"362","author":"Harrington","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"10014","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00473-0","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms and drivers of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"387","author":"Holmes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2019.10.008","article-title":"Antibiotics: past, present and future","volume":"51","author":"Hutchings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10369","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)02185-7","article-title":"Global mortality associated with 33 bacterial pathogens in 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"400","author":"Ikuta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"6096","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1225829","article-title":"A programmable dual-RNA\u2013guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity","volume":"337","author":"Jinek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-16731-6","article-title":"Development of CRISPR-Cas13a-based antimicrobials capable of sequence-specific killing of target bacteria","volume":"11","author":"Kiga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.27766","article-title":"Efficient engineering of a bacteriophage genome using the type IE CRISPR-Cas system","volume":"11","author":"Kiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"RNa Biol."},{"issue":"7587","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/nature16526","article-title":"High-fidelity CRISPR\u2013Cas9 nucleases with no detectable genome-wide off-target effects","volume":"529","author":"Kleinstiver","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1772","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2018.0087","article-title":"Origins and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems","volume":"374","author":"Koonin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R Soc. B: Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bj.2026.100966","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9-mediated elimination of plasmid-borne carbapenemase genes restores ertapenem susceptibility in clinical Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates","author":"Kuo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0299-x","article-title":"Evolutionary classification of CRISPR\u2013Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants","volume":"18","author":"Makarova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.mie.2021.05.010","article-title":"Cell-free protein synthesis of CRISPR ribonucleoproteins (RNP)","volume":"659","author":"McGaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"Meth. Enzym."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17120602","article-title":"Functional coupling and evolutionary relationships between toxin\u2013Antitoxin systems and CRISPR-Cas systems","volume":"17","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12020328","article-title":"Horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in biofilms","volume":"12","author":"Michaelis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"issue":"10325","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10459","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050","volume":"404","author":"Naghavi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1601964","article-title":"Evolutionary dynamics of CRISPR gene drives","volume":"3","author":"Noble","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0004","unstructured":"J. O'Neill. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations. 2016."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.3390\/v10070351","article-title":"Resistance development to bacteriophages occurring during bacteriophage therapy","volume":"10","author":"Oechslin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"006","DOI":"10.53771\/ijlsra.2025.9.1.0042","article-title":"Phage-based CRISPR delivery systems for targeted eradication of drug-resistant bacterial infections","volume":"9","author":"Onyeyili","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Sci. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.05.003","article-title":"A comprehensive, CRISPR-based functional analysis of essential genes in bacteria","volume":"165","author":"Peters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00069-15","article-title":"Genetically engineered phages: a review of advances over the last decade","volume":"80","author":"Pires","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.02.022","article-title":"Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression","volume":"152","author":"Qi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Rao, T.A Kazi, S. Naha, D. Roy, S. Mukherjee, D. Ghosh, et al. Genomic characterization of type IE* CRISPR-Cas systems in Klebsiella pneumoniae: association of spacer diversity and antimicrobial resistance. BioRxiv. 2025:2025.12. 03.692015.","DOI":"10.64898\/2025.12.03.692015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28163-5","article-title":"Genetically stable CRISPR-based kill switches for engineered microbes","volume":"13","author":"Rottinghaus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0055","first-page":"395","article-title":"Application of bacteriophage cocktails for reducing the bacterial load of nosocomial pathogens in hospital wastewater","volume":"14","author":"Sadeqi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04323-4","article-title":"Innovative approaches to combat antibiotic resistance: integrating CRISPR\/Cas9 and nanoparticles against biofilm-driven infections","volume":"23","author":"Saffari Natanzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC. Med."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0291520","article-title":"Engineering conjugative CRISPR-Cas9 systems for the targeted control of enteric pathogens and antibiotic resistance","volume":"18","author":"Sheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.41","article-title":"Cas3 is a single-stranded DNA nuclease and ATP-dependent helicase in the CRISPR\/Cas immune system","volume":"30","author":"Sinkunas","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030352","article-title":"Novel strategy to combat antibiotic resistance: a sight into the combination of CRISPR\/Cas9 and nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Wan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1500107112","article-title":"Temperate and lytic bacteriophages programmed to sensitize and kill antibiotic-resistant bacteria","volume":"112","author":"Yosef","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.09.038","article-title":"Cpf1 is a single RNA-guided endonuclease of a class 2 CRISPR-Cas system","volume":"163","author":"Zetsche","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170226001012?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168170226001012?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:26:41Z","timestamp":1787099201000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168170226001012"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["S0168170226001012"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"CRISPR-Cas systems as precision antimicrobials: Reversing the tide of antimicrobial resistance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199782","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"199782"}}