{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:40:20Z","timestamp":1792665620378,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1793491200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Virus Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T23:47:03Z","timestamp":1789602423000},"page":"199800","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["MicroRNAs in veterinary viral diseases: A comprehensive review from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"373","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2112-6912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Reza","family":"Choobineh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daryoosh","family":"Choobineh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7470-046X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Behzad","family":"Hajieghrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-27109-0_2","article-title":"Foot-and-mouth disease: host range and pathogenesis","author":"Alexandersen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Foot-Mouth Dis. Virus"},{"issue":"7006","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02871","article-title":"The functions of animal microRNAs","volume":"431","author":"Ambros","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagrm.2011.05.006","article-title":"MicroRNA-like antivirals","volume":"1809","author":"Arbuthnot","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys Acta BBA-Gene Regul. Mech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2011.00048","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in insect host\u2013microorganism interactions","volume":"2","author":"Asgari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1705308","article-title":"Mouse ES cells express endogenous shRNAs, siRNAs, and other microprocessor-independent, dicer-dependent small RNAs","volume":"22","author":"Babiarz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2010","article-title":"The promise of microRNA replacement therapy","volume":"70","author":"Bader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"issue":"7209","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07242","article-title":"The impact of microRNAs on protein output","volume":"455","author":"Baek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00143","article-title":"MicroRNA involvement in signaling pathways during viral infection","volume":"8","author":"Barbu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(04)00045-5","article-title":"MicroRNAs: genomics, biogenesis, mechanism, and function","volume":"116","author":"Bartel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-018-3824-8","article-title":"Host serum microRNA profiling during the early stage of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection","volume":"163","author":"Basagoudanavar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc.15.107","article-title":"miRNA therapeutics: a new class of drugs with potential therapeutic applications in the heart","volume":"7","author":"Bernardo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v10080440","article-title":"The diverse roles of microRNAs at the host\u2013virus interface","volume":"10","author":"Bernier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymeth.2012.09.015","article-title":"Assessing sample and miRNA profile quality in serum and plasma or other biofluids","volume":"59","author":"Blondal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib14","first-page":"24","article-title":"Multifunctional miR-155 pathway in avian oncogenic virus-induced neoplastic diseases","volume":"5","author":"Bondada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Noncoding RNA"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb1167","article-title":"RNA polymerase III transcribes human microRNAs","volume":"13","author":"Borchert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-9-306","article-title":"Serum microRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers for cancer","volume":"9","author":"Brase","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15524","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.242606799","article-title":"Frequent deletions and down-regulation of micro-RNA genes miR15 and miR16 at 13q14 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia","volume":"99","author":"Calin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2018.07.004","article-title":"Identification and analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) responding to infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus infection","volume":"88","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-11-1","article-title":"Multiple microRNAs targeted to internal ribosome entry site against foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in vitro and in vivo","volume":"11","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"7298","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09092","article-title":"A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires Ago catalysis","volume":"465","author":"Cheloufi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2016.21","article-title":"An Ebola virus-encoded microRNA-like fragment serves as a biomarker for early diagnosis of Ebola virus disease","volume":"26","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib22","first-page":"S52","article-title":"Technical considerations and review of urinary microRNAs as biomarkers for chronic kidney disease in dogs and cats","volume":"54","author":"Chu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"issue":"118","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib23","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers of infectious disease","volume":"8","author":"Correia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7431","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06939-w","article-title":"Circulating microRNA profiles of Hendra virus infection in horses","volume":"7","author":"Cowled","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2634","article-title":"Causes and consequences of microRNA dysregulation in cancer","volume":"10","author":"Croce","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2004.12.002","article-title":"Transcription and processing of human microRNA precursors","volume":"16","author":"Cullen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6538","DOI":"10.3390\/v7122956","article-title":"Role of gga-miR-221 and gga-miR-222 during tumour formation in chickens infected by subgroup J avian leukosis virus","volume":"7","author":"Dai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10\u201311","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2013.03.015","article-title":"Circulating miRNAs as sensitive and specific biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of human diseases: promises and challenges","volume":"46","author":"De Guire","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3947","article-title":"An integrated expression atlas of miRNAs and their promoters in human and mouse","volume":"35","author":"de Rie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"7014","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03049","article-title":"Processing of primary microRNAs by the Microprocessor complex","volume":"432","author":"Denli","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23071500","article-title":"MicroRNA-regulated gene delivery systems for research and therapeutic purposes","volume":"23","author":"Dhungel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22063080","article-title":"miRNA regulatory functions in farm animal diseases, and biomarker potentials for effective therapies","volume":"22","author":"Do","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"186","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib33","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as potential biomarkers for veterinary infectious diseases","volume":"4","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125434","article-title":"Identification and characterization of cyprinid herpesvirus-3 (CyHV-3) encoded MicroRNAs","volume":"10","author":"Donohoe","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1182","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib35","article-title":"The clinical application of microRNAs in infectious disease","volume":"8","author":"Drury","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24496","article-title":"Circulating microRNA profiles of Ebola virus infection","volume":"6","author":"Duy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3229","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.5.3229","article-title":"Modifications in small interfering RNA that separate immunostimulation from RNA interference","volume":"180","author":"Eberle","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2043","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2414110","article-title":"MicroRNA sponges: progress and possibilities","volume":"16","author":"Ebert","year":"2010","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.2478\/s11756-020-00545-4","article-title":"Chronicles of Dolos and Apate in plant microRNAs","volume":"75","author":"Farrokhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2026.106869","article-title":"Pathological mechanisms of avian viral oncogenesis: the central role of MicroRNA","volume":"105","author":"Fotouh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01646-17","article-title":"MicroRNA gga-miR-130b suppresses infectious bursal disease virus replication via targeting of the viral genome and cellular suppressors of cytokine signaling 5","volume":"92","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0030679","article-title":"The majority of microRNAs detectable in serum and saliva is concentrated in exosomes","volume":"7","author":"Gallo","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1828-2","article-title":"Recent progress toward the use of circulating microRNAs as clinical biomarkers","volume":"90","author":"Ghai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167969","article-title":"Stability of circulating blood-based microRNAs\u2013pre-analytic methodological considerations","volume":"12","author":"Glinge","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2008.05.002","article-title":"Viral and cellular microRNAs as determinants of viral pathogenesis and immunity","volume":"3","author":"Gottwein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Host. Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2007.06.017","article-title":"MicroRNA targeting specificity in mammals: determinants beyond seed pairing","volume":"27","author":"Grimson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2024.110361","article-title":"Host microRNAs as regulators of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection","volume":"603","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3470-z","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of extracellular small RNA isolation methods from serum in high-throughput sequencing","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3838","article-title":"Regulation of microRNA biogenesis","volume":"15","author":"Ha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2021.12.020","article-title":"Plant RNA-mediated gene regulatory network","volume":"114","author":"Hajieghrari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib51","article-title":"Plant MicroRNA potential in targeting sars-CoV-2 genome offering efficient antiviral MiRNA-based therapies","author":"Hajieghrari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microrna"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2012.294","article-title":"Enhanced stability of microRNA expression facilitates classification of FFPE tumour samples exhibiting near total mRNA degradation","volume":"107","author":"Hall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.116.028498","article-title":"Chicken gga-miR-103-3p targets CCNE1 and TFDP2 and inhibits MDCC-MSB1 cell migration","volume":"6","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23137167","article-title":"MicroRNA-based diagnosis and therapy","volume":"23","author":"Ho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11152332","article-title":"MicroRNAs and their big therapeutic impacts: delivery strategies for cancer intervention","volume":"11","author":"Holjencin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1191","article-title":"Sequence-specific potent induction of IFN-\u03b1 by short interfering RNA in plasmacytoid dendritic cells through TLR7","volume":"11","author":"Hornung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500130","article-title":"Evidence and potential in vivo functions for biofluid miRNAs: from expression profiling to functional testing: potential roles of extracellular miRNAs as indicators of physiological change and as agents of intercellular information exchange","volume":"38","author":"Iftikhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib58","first-page":"647","article-title":"Identification and analysis of novel miRNAs, isomiRs, and their target genes in dairy cows with mastitis","volume":"18","author":"Jafari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Livestock Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.31744\/einstein_journal\/2021RB5996","article-title":"MicroRNAs: understanding their role in gene expression and cancer","volume":"19","author":"Jorge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Einstein. (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2024.1372961","article-title":"MicroRNAs: exploring their role in farm animal disease and mycotoxin challenges","volume":"11","author":"Kappari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2011.09.002","article-title":"Plasma components affect accuracy of circulating cancer-related microRNA quantitation","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601512","article-title":"Processing of intronic microRNAs","volume":"26","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib63","first-page":"360","article-title":"Re-evaluating the burden of rabies in Africa and Asia","volume":"83","author":"Knobel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"issue":"5543","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1064921","article-title":"Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs","volume":"294","author":"Lagos-Quintana","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5962","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1178178","article-title":"Therapeutic silencing of microRNA-122 in primates with chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"327","author":"Lanford","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6956","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01957","article-title":"The nuclear RNase III Drosha initiates microRNA processing","volume":"425","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna8010010","article-title":"A structural view of miRNA biogenesis and function","volume":"8","author":"Leit\u00e3o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2012.07.003","article-title":"Aberrant expression of liver microRNA in chickens infected with subgroup J avian leukosis virus","volume":"169","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib69","article-title":"gga-miR-375 plays a key role in tumorigenesis post subgroup J avian leukosis virus infection","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.01.129","article-title":"Avoiding heparin inhibition in circulating MicroRNAs amplification","volume":"207","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03656","article-title":"gga-miR-26a targets NEK6 and suppresses Marek's disease lymphoma cell proliferation","volume":"93","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib72","article-title":"MiR-34b-5p suppresses melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5) signaling pathway to promote avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J)-infected cells proliferation and ALV-J replication","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5612","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1080372","article-title":"Vertebrate microRNA genes","volume":"299","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1074403","article-title":"The microRNAs of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"17","author":"Lim","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2018.1445959","article-title":"Anti-miRNA oligonucleotides: a comprehensive guide for design","volume":"15","author":"Lima","year":"2018","journal-title":"RNa Biol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1878","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkp031","article-title":"Adenylation of plant miRNAs","volume":"37","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nucleic. Acids. Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.2174\/138920210793175895","article-title":"MicroRNA: biogenesis, function and role in cancer","volume":"11","author":"MacFarlane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Genomics."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-012-1377-9","article-title":"An overview of infectious bursal disease","volume":"157","author":"Mahgoub","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.157198","article-title":"Analysis of circulating microRNA: preanalytical and analytical challenges","volume":"57","author":"McDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748","DOI":"10.3390\/v16111748","article-title":"Characterizing host microRNA: virus interactions of Orthoavulavirus javaense","volume":"16","author":"Mears","year":"2024","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1627","article-title":"microRNA strand selection: unwinding the rules","volume":"12","author":"Medley","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs RNA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2174\/2211536611302010007","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers for inflammatory diseases","volume":"2","author":"Mi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microrna"},{"issue":"578193","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib83","article-title":"MicroRNAs as biomarkers for animal health and welfare in livestock","volume":"7","author":"Miretti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2024.2333123","article-title":"mRNA vaccine designs for optimal adjuvanticity and delivery","volume":"21","author":"Mochida","year":"2024","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"issue":"402","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib85","article-title":"Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation","volume":"9","author":"O'Brien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci10010057","article-title":"MicroRNAs in ruminants and their potential role in nutrition and physiology","volume":"10","author":"Ojo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.04.023","article-title":"gga-miR-9* inhibits IFN production in antiviral innate immunity by targeting interferon regulatory factor 2 to promote IBDV replication","volume":"178","author":"Ouyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2016.12.007","article-title":"gga-miR-2127 downregulates the translation of chicken p53 and attenuates chp53-mediated innate immune response against IBDV infection","volume":"198","author":"Ouyang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2011.646237","article-title":"The long view: 40 years of avian leukosis research","volume":"41","author":"Payne","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.07.016","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the immune response","volume":"43","author":"Pedersen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"933","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib91","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of human microRNA\u2013mRNA interactome","volume":"10","author":"Plotnikova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0370","article-title":"Blood cell origin of circulating microRNAs: a cautionary note for cancer biomarker studies","volume":"5","author":"Pritchard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res. (Phila Pa)"},{"issue":"Pt 7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-78-7-1543","article-title":"Secondary structure of the 3\u2032-untranslated region of yellow fever virus: implications for virulence, attenuation and vaccine development","volume":"78","author":"Proutski","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8091405","article-title":"Zoonotic diseases: etiology, impact, and control","volume":"8","author":"Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i20.2985","article-title":"Role of microRNAs in the immune system, inflammation and cancer","volume":"19","author":"Raisch","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib96","article-title":"Small non-coding RNAs associated with viral infectious diseases of veterinary importance: potential clinical applications","volume":"3","author":"Samir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"86","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib97","article-title":"MicroRNAs in the host response to viral infections of veterinary importance","volume":"3","author":"Samir","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3047","article-title":"Improved vectors and genome-wide libraries for CRISPR screening","volume":"11","author":"Sanjana","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132434","article-title":"Two virus-induced microRNAs known only from teleost fishes are orthologues of microRNAs involved in cell cycle control in humans","volume":"10","author":"Schyth","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1229","article-title":"MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets in human cancers","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.29252\/shefa.6.1.49","article-title":"The role of micro-RNAs in post-traumatic stress disorder","volume":"6","author":"Shahini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. J. Shefaye Khatam."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib102","first-page":"256","article-title":"Inhibition of infectious bursal disease virus replication in chicken embryos by miRNAs delivered by recombinant avian adeno-associated viral vector","volume":"51","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wei. Sheng. Wu Xue Bao."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.112408.134243","article-title":"Viruses, microRNAs, and host interactions","volume":"64","author":"Skalsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2015.1020270","article-title":"Passenger strand loading in overexpression experiments using microRNA mimics","volume":"12","author":"S\u00f8kilde","year":"2015","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-017-0743-3","article-title":"Proof-of-concept study: profile of circulating microRNAs in Bovine serum harvested during acute and persistent FMDV infection","volume":"14","author":"Stenfeldt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.8.1.59","article-title":"MicroRNAs as targets for antisense-based therapeutics","volume":"8","author":"Stenvang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02449-12","article-title":"The oncogenic microRNA OncomiR-21 overexpressed during Marek's disease lymphomagenesis is transactivated by the viral oncoprotein Meq","volume":"87","author":"Stik","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib108","series-title":"Viruses and Human Disease","first-page":"1","article-title":"Overview of viruses and virus infection","author":"Strauss","year":"2008"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137333","article-title":"Viral and non-viral systems to deliver gene therapeutics to clinical targets","volume":"25","author":"Taghdiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"91","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib110","article-title":"Circulating microRNAs in serum from cattle challenged with bovine viral diarrhea virus","volume":"8","author":"Taxis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.668648","article-title":"The MicroRNA family gets wider: the IsomiRs classification and role","volume":"9","author":"Tomasello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib112","article-title":"MicroRNA-100 is involved in shrimp immune response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio alginolyticus infection","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2010.147405","article-title":"The microRNA spectrum in 12 body fluids","volume":"56","author":"Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib114","article-title":"Identifying microRNA targets in different gene regions","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib115","series-title":"Recent Advances in Animal Virology","first-page":"381","article-title":"Epidemiological perspective in managing viral diseases in animals","author":"Yadav","year":"2019"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1158803","article-title":"Exportin-5 mediates the nuclear export of pre-microRNAs and short hairpin RNAs","volume":"17","author":"Yi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.06.017","article-title":"Single processing center models for human Dicer and bacterial RNase III","volume":"118","author":"Zhang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib118","article-title":"Host-derived miRNAs as novel regulators of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication: mechanistic insights and therapeutic potentials","author":"Zhang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib119","article-title":"Gga-miR-219b targeting BCL11B suppresses proliferation, migration and invasion of Marek's disease tumor cell MSB1","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2011.10.001","article-title":"Changes in microRNA expression induced by rabies virus infection in mouse brains","volume":"52","author":"Zhao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."}],"container-title":["Virus Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016817022600119X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S016817022600119X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:05:52Z","timestamp":1792663552000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S016817022600119X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"references-count":120,"alternative-id":["S016817022600119X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-1702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-1702","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"MicroRNAs in veterinary viral diseases: A comprehensive review from molecular mechanisms to clinical translation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Virus Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.virusres.2026.199800","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"199800"}}