{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T15:55:11Z","timestamp":1791561311458,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":548,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]],"date-time":"2023-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701388800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 EY030193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 EY030193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 EY007551"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 EY007551"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vision Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,30]],"date-time":"2023-08-30T07:39:56Z","timestamp":1693381196000},"page":"108314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Twenty-four hour diurnal variation in retinal oxygen saturation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"213","author":[{"given":"Rachel C.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy W.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Carkeet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8675-1478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Ostrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1973.tb05436.x","article-title":"The effect of stimulation of the cervical sympathetic chain on retinal oxygen tension and on uveal, retinal and cerebral blood flow in cats","volume":"88","author":"Alm","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Scandinavica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, A.P., Babu, G., Swan, J.G., Phillips, S.d., Knaus, D.A., Toutain-Kidd, C.M., Zegans, M.E., Fellows, A.M., Gui, J., & Buckey, J.C (2017). Ocular changes over 60 min in supine and prone postures. Journal of Applied Physiology(1985), 123(2), 415-423.","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00687.2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0015","series-title":"Circular Statistics in Biology","author":"Batschelet","year":"1981"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0020","series-title":"Clinical Visual Optics","first-page":"249","article-title":"The Schematic Eye","author":"Bennett","year":"1989"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00175988","article-title":"Improvements on Littmann's method of determining the size of retinal features by fundus photography","volume":"232","author":"Bennett","year":"1994","journal-title":"Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4412","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.15-17784","article-title":"Altered Refractive Development in Mice With Reduced Levels of Retinal Dopamine","volume":"57","author":"Bergen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.11.020","article-title":"Innervation pattern of the preocular human central retinal artery","volume":"110","author":"Bergua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2022.101119","article-title":"Circadian clock organization in the retina: From clock components to rod and cone pathways and visual function","volume":"94","author":"Bhoi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0045","first-page":"15","article-title":"Some Aspects of the Ocular Cirucation, Friedenwald Lecture","volume":"26","author":"Bill","year":"1985","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1990.43","article-title":"Control of retinal and choroidal blood flow","volume":"4","author":"Bill","year":"1990","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2237","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26711","article-title":"Ocular and Systemic Diurnal Rhythms in Emmetropic and Myopic Adults","volume":"60","author":"Burfield","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-093019-113719","article-title":"Imaging the Retinal Vasculature","volume":"7","author":"Burns","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annual Review of Vision Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42201","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42201","article-title":"Detailed Vascular Anatomy of the Human Retina by Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography","volume":"7","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730418762152","article-title":"Circadian Regulation of Mitochondrial Dynamics in Retinal Photoreceptors","volume":"33","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Rhythms"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0075","first-page":"233","article-title":"Retinal Circadian Clocks are Major Players in the Modulation of Retinal Functions and Photoreceptor Viability","volume":"92","author":"DeVera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952523802195058","article-title":"Circadian rhythms of dopamine in mouse retina: The role of melatonin","volume":"19","author":"Doyle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Visual Neuroscience"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S1350-9462(96)00026-2","article-title":"Morphogenesis and renewal of cone outer segments","volume":"16","author":"Eckmiller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(85)33978-7","article-title":"Retinal vascular autoregulation in conditions of hyperoxia and hypoxia using the blue field entoptic phenomenon","volume":"92","author":"Fallon","year":"1985","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28816","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2007827117","article-title":"Daily mitochondrial dynamics in cone photoreceptors","volume":"117","author":"Giarmarco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of U S A"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0100","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Different visual deprivations produce different ametropias and different eye shapes","volume":"28","author":"Gottlieb","year":"1987","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardarson, S.H., Basit, S., Jonsdottir, T.E., Eysteinsson, T., Halldorsson, G., H., Karlsson, R.A., Beach, J.M., Benediktsson, J.A., Stefansson, E., (2009). Oxygen saturation in human retinal vessels is higher in dark than in light. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 50 (5), 2308-2311.","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2576"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0110","first-page":"34","article-title":"Studies of retinal circulation and A-V oxygen difference in man","volume":"71","author":"Hickam","year":"1959","journal-title":"Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2006.113399","article-title":"Effects of dopamine on retinal and choroidal blood flow parameters in humans","volume":"91","author":"Huemer","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19599","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2001776117","article-title":"Elevated energy requirement of cone photoreceptors","volume":"117","author":"Ingram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0125","unstructured":"Kiel, J.W. (2010). In: The Ocular Circulation San Rafael (CA)."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1971-14.2014","article-title":"Regulation of blood flow in the retinal trilaminar vascular network","volume":"34","author":"Kornfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Neuroscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2012.04.004","article-title":"Cellular and physiological mechanisms underlying blood flow regulation in the retina and choroid in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Kur","year":"2012","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.3.25","article-title":"Changes in Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Indexes Over 24 Hours","volume":"63","author":"Lal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00231-A","article-title":"Constant light produces severe corneal flattening and hyperopia in chickens","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Research"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0150","first-page":"2707","article-title":"Nocturnal elevation of intraocular pressure in young adults","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"1998","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0155","first-page":"2439","article-title":"Elevation of human intraocular pressure at night under moderate illumination","volume":"40","author":"Liu","year":"1999","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.8.6","article-title":"Effects of Monocular Light Deprivation on the Diurnal Rhythms in Retinal and Choroidal Thickness","volume":"63","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2015.tb00603.x","article-title":"Autonomic control of the eye","volume":"5","author":"McDougal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Comprehensive Physiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e844","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14089","article-title":"Diurnal variations in flow density measured using optical coherence tomography angiography and the impact of heart rate, mean arterial pressure and intraocular pressure on flow density in primary open-angle glaucoma patients","volume":"97","author":"Muller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.03.003","article-title":"Brief light exposure at night disrupts the circadian rhythms in eye growth and choroidal thickness in chicks","volume":"146","author":"Nickla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7696(00)96006-6","article-title":"Renewal of photoreceptor outer segments and their phagocytosis by the retinal pigment epithelium","volume":"196","author":"Nguyen-Legros","year":"2000","journal-title":"International Review of Cytology"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2008.10.029","article-title":"ATP consumption by mammalian rod photoreceptors in darkness and in light","volume":"18","author":"Okawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.00617","article-title":"Central pulse pressure is an independent determinant of vascular remodeling in the retinal circulation","volume":"61","author":"Ott","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5788","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9937","article-title":"Influence of anterior segment power on the scan path and RNFL thickness using SD-OCT","volume":"53","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E652","DOI":"10.1097\/OPX.0b013e318238c34e","article-title":"Agreement between retinal nerve fiber layer measures from Spectralis and Cirrus spectral domain OCT","volume":"89","author":"Patel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0205","first-page":"722","article-title":"Retinal blood flow autoregulation in response to an acute increase in blood pressure","volume":"27","author":"Robinson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0210","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Vascular Dysfunction in the Retina: Therapeutic Strategies","volume":"9","author":"Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants (Basel)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1109\/10.804573","article-title":"In vivo measurement of the oxygen saturation of retinal vessels in healthy volunteers","volume":"46","author":"Schweitzer","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.1998.659497","article-title":"Communication in the Presence of Noise","volume":"86","author":"Shannon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0230","unstructured":"Smith, J., Bisignano, K., & Harrison, W.W. (2022a). Local Macular Retinal Oximetry Increases with Disease Duration in Type 2 Diabetes without Retinopathy. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 63, E-Abstract 2162-F0225."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0235","article-title":"Macular Retinal Oximetry Repeatability and its Relationship with Multifocal Electroretinography In Healthy Young Participants","volume":"99","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Optometry and Vision Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2019.04.001","article-title":"Retinal oximetry: Metabolic imaging for diseases of the retina and brain","volume":"70","author":"Stefansson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Progress in Retinal and Eye Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.02.063","article-title":"Night Watch in One Brain Hemisphere during Sleep Associated with the First-Night Effect in Humans","volume":"26","author":"Tamaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(84)90323-9","article-title":"Circadian rhythm in rat retinal dopamine","volume":"45","author":"Wirz-Justice","year":"1984","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1023\/B:DOOP.0000019487.88486.0a","article-title":"Dopamine and retinal function","volume":"108","author":"Witkovsky","year":"2004","journal-title":"Documenta Ophthalmologica"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5393","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-19543","article-title":"The Role of Retinal Dopamine in C57BL\/6 Mouse Refractive Development as Revealed by Intravitreal Administration of 6-Hydroxydopamine","volume":"57","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"}],"container-title":["Vision Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042698923001384?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042698923001384?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:54:23Z","timestamp":1777460063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0042698923001384"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0042698923001384"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6989","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Twenty-four hour diurnal variation in retinal oxygen saturation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vision Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2023.108314","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108314"}}