{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T22:06:38Z","timestamp":1780956398910,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776297600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vision Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,16]],"date-time":"2026-04-16T22:12:34Z","timestamp":1776377554000},"page":"108832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effects of transient myopic\/hyperopic defocus on myopia development in guinea pigs"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"245","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2076-4169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonal Aswin","family":"Vyas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine Frances","family":"Wildsoet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M31","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25967","article-title":"IMI - report on experimental models of emmetropization and myopia","volume":"60","author":"Troilo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1475-1313.1997.97000033.x","article-title":"Active emmetropization\u2014evidence for its existence and ramifications for clinical practice","volume":"17","author":"Wildsoet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(91)90048-A","article-title":"The regulation of eye growth and refractive state: An experimental study of emmetropization","volume":"31","author":"Troilo","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vision research."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0020","first-page":"405","article-title":"Animal models of emmetropization: Matching axial length to the focal plane","volume":"66","author":"Norton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of the American Optometric Association."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3074","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.04-1040","article-title":"Axial growth and changes in lenticular and corneal power during emmetropization in infants","volume":"46","author":"Mutti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"4810","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3603011","article-title":"Local retinal regions control local eye growth and myopia","volume":"237","author":"Wallman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3109\/02713688709034870","article-title":"Visual deprivation causes myopia in chicks with optic nerve section","volume":"6","author":"Troilo","year":"1987","journal-title":"Current Eye Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0040","first-page":"99","article-title":"Experimental myopia and anamalous eye growth patterns unaffected by optic nerve section in chickens: Evidence for local control of eye growth","volume":"3","author":"Wildsoet","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clinical Vision Sciences."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3864","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-4969","article-title":"Effects of optical defocus on refractive development in monkeys: Evidence for local, regionally selective mechanisms","volume":"51","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2012.09.009","article-title":"Axial length and choroidal thickness changes accompanying prolonged accommodation in myopes and emmetropes","volume":"72","author":"Woodman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vision research."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.08.002","article-title":"Monocular myopic defocus and daily changes in axial length and choroidal thickness of human eyes","volume":"103","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2012","journal-title":"Experimental eye research."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6262","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10-5457","article-title":"Human optical axial length and defocus","volume":"51","author":"Read","year":"2010","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.08-2102","article-title":"Temporal properties of compensation for positive and negative spectacle lenses in chicks","volume":"50","author":"Zhu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2004.12.013","article-title":"Ocular compensation for alternating myopic and hyperopic defocus","volume":"45","author":"Winawer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vision research."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4687","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.05-1369","article-title":"Effectiveness of hyperopic defocus, minimal defocus, or myopic defocus in competition with a myopiagenic stimulus in tree shrew eyes","volume":"47","author":"Norton","year":"2006","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/opo.12062","article-title":"Temporal properties of the myopic response to defocus in the guinea pig","volume":"33","author":"Leotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0085","first-page":"2925","article-title":"Temporal constraints on experimental emmetropization in infant monkeys","volume":"43","author":"Kee","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6479","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9822","article-title":"The effect of simultaneous negative and positive defocus on eye growth and development of refractive state in marmosets","volume":"53","author":"Benavente-Perez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2013.02.014","article-title":"Temporal integration of visual signals in lens compensation (a review)","volume":"114","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Experimental eye research."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3582","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07621-6","article-title":"Temporal properties of positive and negative defocus on emmetropization","volume":"12","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep. Mar 4"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2818","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0606","article-title":"Potency of myopic defocus in spectacle lens compensation","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00191-3","article-title":"Effects on the compensatory responses to positive and negative lenses of intermittent lens wear and ciliary nerve section in chicks","volume":"36","author":"Schmid","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vision research."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00300-0","article-title":"Temporal constraints on lens compensation in chicks","volume":"42","author":"Winawer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vision research."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1097\/01.OPX.0000159368.31481.DE","article-title":"Temporal integration characteristics of the axial and choroidal responses to myopic defocus induced by prior form deprivation versus positive spectacle lens wear in chickens","volume":"82","author":"Nickla","year":"2005","journal-title":"Optometry and vision science."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.11.012","article-title":"Myopic defocus in the evening is more effective at inhibiting eye growth than defocus in the morning: Effects on rhythms in axial length and choroid thickness in chicks","volume":"154","author":"Nickla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Experimental eye research."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.019","article-title":"Influence of the time of day on axial length and choroidal thickness changes to hyperopic and myopic defocus in human eyes","volume":"182","author":"Moderiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Experimental Eye Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.02-0680","article-title":"The effects of overnight orthokeratology lens wear on corneal thickness","volume":"44","author":"Alharbi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.3.26","article-title":"Daily or less frequent topical 1% atropine slows defocus-induced myopia progression in contact lens-wearing guinea pigs","volume":"11","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Translational vision science & technology."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13091373","article-title":"Changes in expression in BMP2 and two closely related genes in guinea pig retinal pigment epithelium during induction and recovery from myopia","volume":"13","author":"Goto","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5121","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.11-7364","article-title":"Diurnal variations in axial length, choroidal thickness, intraocular pressure, and ocular biometrics","volume":"52","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1997.0425","article-title":"The circadian rhythm in intraocular pressure and its relation to diurnal ocular growth changes in chicks","volume":"66","author":"Nickla","year":"1998","journal-title":"Experimental eye research."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25365","article-title":"Strain-dependent differences in sensitivity to myopia-inducing stimuli in guinea pigs and role of choroid","volume":"60","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M106","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.18-25958","article-title":"IMI - interventions myopia institute: interventions for controlling myopia onset and progression report","volume":"60","author":"Wildsoet","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0170","article-title":"Impact of myopia control interventions on choroidal thickness in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs","author":"Martinez-Perez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ophthalmology Science."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11459","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-48009-3","article-title":"Short interruptions of imposed hyperopic defocus earlier in treatment are more effective at preventing myopia development","volume":"9","author":"Benavente-Perez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science Reports."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-43574-z","article-title":"Retinal defocus and form-deprivation exposure duration affects RPE BMP gene expression","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep-Uk."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0185","article-title":"The human axial length and choroidal thickness responses to continuous and alternating episodes of myopic and hyperopic blur","volume":"15","author":"Delshad","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One1"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.3.14","article-title":"Emmetropic, but not myopic human eyes distinguish positive defocus from calculated blur","volume":"62","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Invest Ophth Vis Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21704","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-26323-7","article-title":"Myopia: Why the retina stops inhibiting eye growth","volume":"12","author":"Swiatczak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep-Uk."}],"container-title":["Vision Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042698926000842?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0042698926000842?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T21:47:33Z","timestamp":1780955253000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0042698926000842"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0042698926000842"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832","relation":{},"ISSN":["0042-6989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0042-6989","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effects of transient myopic\/hyperopic defocus on myopia development in guinea pigs","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vision Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.visres.2026.108832","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108832"}}