{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T21:12:47Z","timestamp":1778620367092,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA219144-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA219144-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 HL143082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 HL143082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 GM118885"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 GM118885"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["18POST34060003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18POST34060003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1432878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1432878"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008271","name":"College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vascular Pharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,13]],"date-time":"2019-12-13T11:50:16Z","timestamp":1576237816000},"page":"106633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Microbiota are critical for vascular physiology: Germ-free status weakens contractility and induces sex-specific vascular remodeling in mice"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125-126","author":[{"given":"Jonnelle M.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaunak","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremy C.","family":"Tomcho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zachary J.","family":"Schreckenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saroj","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Bearss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piu","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cameron G.","family":"McCarthy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matam","family":"Vijay-Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bina","family":"Joe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Camilla F.","family":"Wenceslau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0005","series-title":"Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Morphogenesis","author":"Margulis","year":"1991"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002533","article-title":"Revised estimates for the number of human and bacteria cells in the body","volume":"14","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.01.013","article-title":"Are we really vastly outnumbered? Revisiting the ratio of bacterial to host cells in humans","volume":"164","author":"Sender","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.09.058","article-title":"Salt-responsive metabolite, beta-hydroxybutyrate, attenuates hypertension","volume":"25","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00073.2018","article-title":"Disparate effects of antibiotics on hypertension","volume":"50","author":"Galla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0030","first-page":"224","article-title":"Microbiotal-host interactions and hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Galla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiology (Bethesda)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00136.2014","article-title":"Evidence for a link between gut microbiota and hypertension in the Dahl rat","volume":"47","author":"Mell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2016","article-title":"Towards precision medicine for hypertension: a review of genomic, epigenomic, and microbiomic effects on blood pressure in experimental rat models and humans","volume":"97","author":"Padmanabhan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.09.028","article-title":"Microbiota-dependent hepatic lipogenesis mediated by stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) promotes metabolic syndrome in TLR5-deficient mice","volume":"22","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.09.004","article-title":"Dysregulated microbial fermentation of soluble fiber induces cholestatic liver cancer","volume":"175","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.11175","article-title":"Attenuation of microbiotal dysbiosis and hypertension in a CRISPR\/Cas9 gene ablation rat model of GPER1","volume":"72","author":"Waghulde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.309006","article-title":"Hypertension-linked pathophysiological alterations in the gut","volume":"120","author":"Santisteban","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"7682","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/nature24628","article-title":"Salt-responsive gut commensal modulates TH17 axis and disease","volume":"551","author":"Wilck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6150","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1241214","article-title":"Gut microbiota from twins discordant for obesity modulate metabolism in mice","volume":"341","author":"Ridaura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0732-3","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea-induced hypertension: role of the gut microbiota","volume":"19","author":"Durgan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.310339","article-title":"Hypertension opens the flood gates to the gut microbiota","volume":"120","author":"Taylor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180087","article-title":"Imbalance of gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with high blood pressure","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-018-0108-7","article-title":"Dietary metabolism, the gut microbiome, and heart failure","volume":"16","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0095","first-page":"505","article-title":"Vascular remodeling","volume":"28","author":"Mulvany","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-008-0305-3","article-title":"Small artery remodelling in hypertension: causes, consequences and therapeutic implications","volume":"46","author":"Mulvany","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"921","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200105000-00013","article-title":"Small artery remodeling is the most prevalent (earliest?) form of target organ damage in mild essential hypertension","volume":"19","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvn022","article-title":"Hypertension and microvascular remodeling","volume":"78","author":"Feihl","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1113\/JP270818","article-title":"Principles and standards for reporting animal experiments in the journal of physiology and experimental physiology","volume":"593","author":"Grundy","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0120","first-page":"1345","article-title":"Development of cecal distention in germ-free baby rats","volume":"197","author":"Wostmann","year":"1959","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000059","article-title":"Rostafuroxin ameliorates endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress in resistance arteries from deoxycorticosterone acetate-salt hypertensive rats: the role of Na+K+-ATPase\/cSRC pathway","volume":"32","author":"Wenceslau","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.01.015","article-title":"Formyl peptide receptor-1 activation exerts a critical role for the dynamic plasticity of arteries via actin polymerization","volume":"141","author":"Wenceslau","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.41.1.19","article-title":"Contractile properties of small arterial resistance vessels 1068 in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats","volume":"41","author":"Mulvany","year":"1977","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/62.7.696","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying hypertrophic remodeling and increased stiffness of mesenteric resistance arteries from aged rats","volume":"62","author":"Briones","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003698","article-title":"Gut microbiota promote angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension and vascular dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Karbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2016.06.033","article-title":"Gut microbiota in renal physiology: focus on short-chain fatty acids and their receptors","volume":"90","author":"Pluznick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I32","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-002-1105-4","article-title":"The role of the intestinal microflora for the development of the immune system in early childhood","volume":"41","author":"Ouwehand","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.3.2.342-349.1971","article-title":"Cecal enlargement and microbial flora in suckling mice given antibacterial drugs","volume":"3","author":"Savage","year":"1971","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.12366","article-title":"Germ free mice as a model to study effect of gut microbiota on host physiology","volume":"26","author":"Grover","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.09.023","article-title":"The mouse microbiome is required for sex-specific diurnal rhythms of gene expression and metabolism","volume":"29","author":"Weger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13155","article-title":"Gut microbiota plays a central role to modulate the plasma and fecal metabolomes in response to angiotensin II","volume":"74","author":"Cheema","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1233521","article-title":"Sex differences in the gut microbiome drive hormone-dependent regulation of autoimmunity","volume":"339","author":"Markle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.134.4.846","article-title":"Tone and reactivity of vascular smooth muscle in germfree rat mesentery","volume":"134","author":"Baez","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1152\/advances.2003.27.4.201","article-title":"Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation","volume":"27","author":"Webb","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Physiol. Educ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1038\/205571a0","article-title":"Demonstration of a bioactive substance in the caecal contents of the germfree animals","volume":"205","author":"Gordon","year":"1965","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpy083","article-title":"Hypertension induced morphological and physiological changes in cells of the arterial wall","volume":"31","author":"Martinez-Quinones","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0205","first-page":"246","article-title":"Mechanoreception by the endothelium: mediators and mechanisms of pressure- and flow-induced vascular response","volume":"27","author":"Rubanyi","year":"1990","journal-title":"Blood Vessel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1699","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1997.273.4.H1699","article-title":"Structural properties of rat mesenteric small arteries after 4-wk exposure to elevated or reduced blood flow","volume":"273","author":"Pourageaud","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085367","article-title":"Sex differences in vascular endothelial function and health in humans: impacts of exercise","volume":"101","author":"Green","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0220","first-page":"R341","article-title":"Role of the renal nerves in blood pressure in male and female SHR","volume":"290","author":"R1","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Regul. Integr. Comp. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12206","article-title":"Sex differences in the developmental programming of hypertension","volume":"210","author":"Ojeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Physiol (Oxford)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.117.007675","article-title":"Sex-specific mechanisms of resistance vessel endothelial dysfunction induced by cardiometabolic risk factors","volume":"7","author":"Davel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.10940","article-title":"To be, or Nox to be, endoplasmic reticulum stress in hypertension","volume":"72","author":"Wenceslau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00373","article-title":"Neutrophils to the ROScue: mechanisms of NADPH oxidase activation and bacterial resistance","volume":"7","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712799828283","article-title":"Reactive oxygen production induced by the gut microbiota: pharmacotherapeutic implications","volume":"19","author":"Jones","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.77","article-title":"The microbiome-gut-brain axis during early life regulates the hippocampal serotonergic system in a sex-dependent manner","volume":"18","author":"Clarke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Vascular Pharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1537189119302794?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1537189119302794?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T20:25:54Z","timestamp":1778617554000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1537189119302794"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":50,"alternative-id":["S1537189119302794"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633","relation":{},"ISSN":["1537-1891"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1537-1891","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microbiota are critical for vascular physiology: Germ-free status weakens contractility and induces sex-specific vascular remodeling in mice","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Vascular Pharmacology","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vph.2019.106633","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106633"}}