{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:50:42Z","timestamp":1785819042237,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,13]],"date-time":"2020-06-13T16:22:36Z","timestamp":1592065356000},"page":"100418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Toxoplasma gondii infections in birds, companion, food and recreational animals in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Solomon Ngutor","family":"Karshima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalene Nguvan","family":"Karshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Pisha","family":"Karaye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley David","family":"Oziegbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-011-9885-2","article-title":"Ovine and caprine toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) in aborted animals in Jordanian goat and sheep flocks","volume":"44","author":"Abu-Dalbouh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0010","first-page":"12","article-title":"Comparative analysis of public and private veterinary services delivery among commercial poultry farmers in Delta state, Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Adesiji","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sust. Dev. Afr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0015","first-page":"170","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in local breed of chicken in Zaria","volume":"11","author":"Aganga","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nigeria. Intern. J. Zoon."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1935(84)90083-6","article-title":"A serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs in Nigeria","volume":"140","author":"Aganga","year":"1984","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0025","first-page":"155","article-title":"Toxoplasma antibodies in polo horses of Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Aganga","year":"1983","journal-title":"Intern. J. Zoon."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4314\/nqjhm.v20i1.57974","article-title":"Pattern of demographic risk factors in the seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in HIV infected patients at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital","volume":"20","author":"Akanmu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nig. Quart. J. Hosp. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.5897\/AJMR-11-1014","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection in stored sera of HIV individual in Sokoto, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Alayande","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3923\/rjvs.2012.69.74","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and intestinal helminth infection among owned and stray cats in Sokoto, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Alayande","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. J. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2554.1","article-title":"High prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cats from Egypt: isolation of viable Toxoplasma gondii, tissue distribution, and isolate designation","volume":"96","author":"Al-Kappany","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060518757928","article-title":"Association between Toxoplasma gondii infection and history of blood transfusion: a case-control seroprevalence study","volume":"46","author":"Alvarado-Esquivel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0055","first-page":"123","article-title":"A serological survey of some abortifacient diseases of sheep and goats in the Maiduguri area of Nigeria","volume":"41","author":"Amin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull. Anim. Hlth. Prod. Afr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3506(84)80026-8","article-title":"The prevalence and public health significance of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic cats in the Niger Delta","volume":"98","author":"Arene","year":"1984","journal-title":"Publ. Hlth. Lond."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2006.262.264","article-title":"Seroprevalence of free-ranging chicken toxoplasmosis in sub-urban regions of Shiraz, Iran","volume":"5","author":"Asgari","year":"2006","journal-title":"Intern. J. Poult. Sci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.3923\/ijps.2008.1247.1250","article-title":"Chicken toxoplasmosis in different types of breeding: a seroprevalence survey in southern Iran","volume":"7","author":"Asgari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-010-9704-1","article-title":"Molecular survey of Toxoplasma infection in sheep and goat from Fars province, southern Iran","volume":"43","author":"Asgari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1515\/fv-2016-0016","article-title":"Investigating potential sources of toxoplasmosis for humans from slaughtered food animals in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"60","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Folia Vet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0090","first-page":"145","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range chicken: mini-review and seroprevalence study in Oyo state, Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2012","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0095","first-page":"187","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii IgG antibodies in Nigerian free-range chickens using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT)","volume":"47","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0100","first-page":"51","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in free ranged chicken from rural and urban settlements in Oyo state, Nigeria","volume":"43","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0105","first-page":"47","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in recreational horses in two metropolitan cities of southwestern Nigeria","volume":"43","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Med. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0110","first-page":"161","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in dogs slaughtered for food in southwestern Nigeria and assessment of consumer\u2019s knowledge and behaviour","volume":"45","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2015","journal-title":"Alex. J. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4314\/ajid.v10i1.5","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum in urban and rural dogs from southwestern Nigeria","volume":"10","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.15547\/bjvm.957","article-title":"Serologic survey of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats (Felis catus) sold at live animal markets in southwestern Nigeria","volume":"20","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Vet. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.21010\/ajid.v11i2.13","article-title":"Serological survey of toxoplasmosis, neosporosis and brucellosis among cattle herds in Oyo state, South-Western Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2017","journal-title":"Afr. J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1515\/fv-2017-0011","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in farmed turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo)","volume":"61","author":"Ayinmode","year":"2017","journal-title":"Folia Vet."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1515\/ap-2017-0073","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors of Neospora spp. and Toxoplasma gondii infections among horses and donkeys in Nigeria, West Africa","volume":"62","author":"B\u00e1rtov\u00e1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176559","article-title":"Crude oil impairs immune function and increases susceptibility to pathogenic bacteria in southern flounder","volume":"12","author":"Bayha","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"218","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0140","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection among horses in Tunisia","volume":"4","author":"Boughattas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.039","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of serological tests, histopathology and immunohistochemistry for detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic chickens","volume":"204","author":"Casartelli-Alvesa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0150","first-page":"93(6)","article-title":"Congenital transmission of Toxoplasma gondii after experimental reinfection with Brazilian typical strains in chronically infected sheep","author":"Chiebao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2811.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in pigs, sheep, goats, and cattle from Grenada and Carriacou","volume":"97","author":"Chikweto","year":"2011","journal-title":"West Indies. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104740","article-title":"An experimental Toxoplasma gondii dose response challenge model to study therapeutic or vaccine efficacy in cats","volume":"9","author":"Cornelissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0165","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats in mainland China","volume":"10","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02108","article-title":"Prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii in food animals and humans (2000-2017) from China","volume":"9","author":"Dong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0165124","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis in chronically infected and subsequently challenged ewes","volume":"11","author":"dos Santos","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"118","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0180","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in pet dogs in Kunming","volume":"5","author":"Duan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Southwest China. Parasit. Vectors."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1645\/0022-3395(2002)088[0713:TILCOT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Tachyzoite-induced life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii in cats","volume":"88","author":"Dubey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.005","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis - a waterborne zoonosis","volume":"126","author":"Dubey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.03.018","article-title":"Comparative infectivity of oocysts and bradyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii for intermediate (mice) and definitive (cats) hosts","volume":"140","author":"Dubey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1863-2378.2009.01274.x","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens (Gallus domesticus): prevalence, clinical disease, diagnosis and public health significance","volume":"57","author":"Dubey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zoon. Pub. Hlth."},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.11.010","article-title":"Transplacental toxoplasmosis in naturally-infected white-tailed deer: isolation and genetic characterisation of Toxoplasma gondii from foetuses of different gestational ages","volume":"38","author":"Dubey","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x","article-title":"Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Duval","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biometrics."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2010.01.009","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: epidemiology, feline clinical aspects, and prevention","volume":"26","author":"Elmore","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12880","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-6864-1","article-title":"Oil exploitation and its socioeconomic effects on the Niger Delta region of Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Elum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02235335","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in Nigerian goats","volume":"10","author":"Falade","year":"1978","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir806","article-title":"Risk factors, clinical features, and outcomes of toxoplasmosis in solid-organ transplant recipients: a matched case-control study","volume":"54","author":"Fernandez-Sabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090203","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis-a global threat. Correlation of latent toxoplasmosis with specific disease burden in a set of 88 countries","volume":"9","author":"Flegr","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0245","series-title":"Joint FAO\/WHO food standards program codex committee on food hygiene. Forty-seventh session, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America","first-page":"9","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization\/World Health Organization","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2008.034702","article-title":"Meta-analysis: prevalence of HIV infection and syphilis among MSM in China","volume":"85","author":"Gao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"issue":"291","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0255","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in animals and humans in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Gebremedhin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0310-2014","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection: sero-prevalence and associated risk factors among primary schoolchildren in Lagos City, southern Nigeria","volume":"48","author":"Gyang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0265","article-title":"The prevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in sheep in the Western Cape, South Africa","volume":"82","author":"Hammond-Aryee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onder. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.3.4.486","article-title":"Fixed- and random-effects models in meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hedges","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0275","first-page":"1539","article-title":"Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"Higgins","year":"2002","journal-title":"Stat. Meth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557","article-title":"Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses","volume":"327","author":"Higgins","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0285","first-page":"81","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in dogs in Tehran, Iran","volume":"6","author":"Hosseininejad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0290","first-page":"60","article-title":"Detection of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in trade donkeys (Equus asinus) at Ganawuri district market, Riyom Local Government Area, Plateau state, north-central Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Ishaku","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. One Hlth."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0295","first-page":"55","article-title":"Seroprevalence and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii in pigs, sheep and goats at slaughter in Jos municipal abattoir, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Ishaku","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Sci: Res Rev."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.10.021","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in stray cats and dogs in the Bangkok metropolitan area, Thailand","volume":"145","author":"Jittapalapong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9488-3","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in domestic sheep and goats in Borno state, Nigeria","volume":"42","author":"Kamani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0315","first-page":"016","article-title":"Serosurvey for Toxoplasma gondii in dogs in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria","volume":"4","author":"Kamani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-010-0015-5","article-title":"Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cats in Maiduguri, North-Eastern Nigeria","volume":"55","author":"Kamani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1179\/136485909X435094","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of human infection with Toxoplasma gondii and the associated risk factors, in Maiduguri, Borno state, Nigeria","volume":"103","author":"Kamani","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0325","article-title":"Helminths of veterinary and zoonotic importance in Nigerian ruminants: a 46- year meta-analysis (1970-2016) of their prevalence and distribution","volume":"7","author":"Karshima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Pov."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-5070.190814","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in organ transplant recipients: evaluation, implication, and prevention","volume":"6","author":"Khurana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trop. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2640.1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in cats from Colombo, Sri Lanka","volume":"97","author":"Kulasena","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0007-1935(17)31586-5","article-title":"Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii in Nigerian cattle: a preliminary report","volume":"137","author":"Makinde","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. Vet. J."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0345","article-title":"Comparison of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in shelter cats and dogs during 1999\u20132001 and 2009\u20132011 in Tokyo, Japan","volume":"10","author":"Masaaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1093\/jpids\/piu077","article-title":"Congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"3","author":"McAuley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediat. Infect. Dis. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0355","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of exposure to crude oil on the immune system. Health implications for people living near oil exploration activities","author":"McLoone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Intern. J. Env. Hlth. Res."},{"issue":"168","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0360","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in horses and donkeys in Yunnan Province, Southwestern China","volume":"6","author":"Miao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16412-X","volume":"363","author":"Montoya","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxoplasmosis. Lancet."},{"issue":"3813612","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0375","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii in blood donors: a study in Boyer-Ahmad County, Southwest Iran","volume":"2018","author":"Moshfe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.1.188","article-title":"Seroprevalence of antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in the Pennsylvania bobcat (Lynx Rufus Rufus)","volume":"42","author":"Mucker","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkx134","article-title":"Development of a murine vertical transmission model for Toxoplasma gondii oocyst infection and studies on the efficacy of bumped kinase inhibitor (BKI)-1294 and the naphthoquinone buparvaquone against congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"72","author":"Muller","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1097\/XEB.0000000000000054","article-title":"Methodological guidance for systematic reviews of observational epidemiological studies reporting prevalence and incidence data","volume":"13","author":"Munn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Evid. Based Healthc."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.4314\/sokjvs.v15i3.13","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in slaughtered pigs in Makurdi, Nigeria","volume":"15","author":"Obijiaku","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sok. J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02237910","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Nigeria--a serological survey","volume":"13","author":"Okoh","year":"1981","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0405","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii infection among HAART-naive HIV-positive patients and HIV-negatives in Lagos state, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Okwuzu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Intern. J. Microbiol. Immun. Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0410","first-page":"39","article-title":"Livestock farmers\u2019 awareness, access and benefits of veterinary extension Services in Southwestern, Nigeria","volume":"16","author":"Oladele","year":"2004","journal-title":"Livestock Res. Rur. Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-013-0350-1","article-title":"Seroprevalence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in cattle and pigs in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"Onyiche","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Parasit. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(85)90223-8","article-title":"The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in man in Plateau state and meat animals in Nigeria","volume":"79","author":"Osiyemi","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.003","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis snapshots: global status of Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence and implications for pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis","volume":"39","author":"Pappas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0430","article-title":"Cats and Toxoplasma gondii: a systematic review and meta-analysis in Iran","volume":"82","author":"Rahimi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Onder. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-009-9304-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Rahim Yar khan (Punjab), Pakistan","volume":"41","author":"Ramzan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Hlth. Prod."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0440","first-page":"419","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in free range chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Khon Kaen province, Thailand","volume":"34","author":"Saichua","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"da Silva, M.G., Clare V.M, de Castro, A.M., 2015. Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and vertical transmission of Toxoplasma gondii in patients from basic units of health from Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil, from 2012 to 2014. PLoS One 10(11), e0141700. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0141700.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141700"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0450","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii: sero-prevalence and associated risk factors among preschool-aged children in Osun state, Nigeria","volume":"112","author":"Sowemimo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tran. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0455","first-page":"24","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in domestic goats in Multan, Punjab, Pakistan","volume":"9","author":"Tasawar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0460","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. infections in Arab horses, southwest of Iran. Jundishapur","volume":"8","author":"Tavalla","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.07.017","article-title":"The socioeconomic burden of parasitic zoonoses: global trends","volume":"182","author":"Torgerson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0470","first-page":"139","article-title":"Negative impacts of oil exploration on biodiversity management in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria","volume":"26","author":"Ugochukwu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Impact Ass. Proj. Appr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0475","first-page":"233","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of acquired toxoplasmosis in HIV-infected and apparently healthy individuals in Jos, Nigeria","volume":"47","author":"Uneke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4789-0","article-title":"Seroprevalence, isolation, first genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii, and possible congenital transmission in wild moose from Minnesota, USA","volume":"115","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0485","article-title":"Sero-prevalence and risk factors for toxoplasmosis in HIV infected and non-infected individuals in Bahir Dar, Northwest Ethiopia","volume":"6","author":"Walle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0490","first-page":"98","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of toxoplasmosis and associated risk factors among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic in the University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Rivers state, Nigeria","volume":"39","author":"Wokem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nig. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"140","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0495","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in slaughtered horses and donkeys in Liaoning province, northeastern China","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418_bb0500","first-page":"78","article-title":"Sero-prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii among HIV patients in University of Benin Teaching Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Edo state, Nigeria","volume":"14","author":"Yusuf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Borno Med. J."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405939020301994?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2405939020301994?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T12:18:25Z","timestamp":1762517905000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2405939020301994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"references-count":100,"alternative-id":["S2405939020301994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-9390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-9390","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Toxoplasma gondii infections in birds, companion, food and recreational animals in Nigeria: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2020.100418","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100418"}}