{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T17:00:22Z","timestamp":1785085222294,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T19:27:39Z","timestamp":1773689259000},"page":"101470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Region-specific modeling of refugia and anthelmintic resistance dynamics in gastrointestinal nematodes of Nigerian small ruminants"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Paul Olalekan","family":"Odeniran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/706824","article-title":"Effectiveness evaluation of levamisole, Albendazole, Ivermectin, and Vernonia amygdalina in west African dwarf goats","volume":"2015","author":"Adediran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0010","first-page":"149","article-title":"A survey on ivermectin resistance in strongyles of sheep in Oyo state, Nigeria using a larval development assay","volume":"57","author":"Ademola","year":"2002","journal-title":"Israel Journal of Veterinary Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4406-2","article-title":"Absence of detectable benzimidazole-resistance associated alleles in Haemonchus placei in cattle in Nigeria revealed by pyrosequencing of \u03b2-tubulin isotype 1","volume":"114","author":"Ademola","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0020","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal helminths and Protozoa parasites of ruminants in Minna, north central, Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Agbajelola","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0921-4488(94)90095-7","article-title":"Gastrointestinal parasites in sheep and goats of southeastern Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Anene","year":"1994","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022149X10000295","article-title":"Resistance and resilience of traditionally managed west African dwarf goats from the savanna zone of northern Nigeria to naturally acquired trypanosome and gastrointestinal nematode infections","volume":"85","author":"Behnke","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Helminthol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04329-2","article-title":"The threat of reduced efficacy of anthelmintics against gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep from an area considered anthelmintic resistance-free","volume":"13","author":"Bosco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/eap.2956","article-title":"Biotic interactions in soil and dung shape parasite transmission in temperate ruminant systems: an integrative framework","volume":"34","author":"Boughton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ecol. Appl."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.102512","article-title":"Practices to optimise gastrointestinal nematode control on sheep, goat and cattle farms in Europe using targeted (selective) treatments","volume":"175","author":"Charlier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-4-12","article-title":"The unique resistance and resilience of the Nigerian west African dwarf goat to gastrointestinal nematode infections","volume":"4","author":"Chiejina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.03.007","article-title":"Resistance and resilience of west African dwarf goats of the Nigerian savanna zone exposed to experimental escalating primary and challenge infections with Haemonchus contortus","volume":"171","author":"Chiejina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2014.07.003","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of factors associated with anthelmintic resistance in sheep","volume":"117","author":"Falzon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0065","author":"FAO"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0070","first-page":"111","article-title":"A preliminary investigation of resistance to anthelmintics in strongyles of cattle in Shaki, Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Fashanu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Afr. J. Biomed. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2022.11.009","article-title":"Novel epidemiological model of gastrointestinal nematode infection to assess grazing cattle resilience by integrating host growth, parasite, grass and environmental dynamics","volume":"53","author":"Filipe","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.03.040","article-title":"Experimental and modeling approaches to evaluate different aspects of the efficacy of targeted selective treatment of anthelmintics against sheep parasite nematodes","volume":"171","author":"Gaba","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.01.016","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance and multidrug resistance in sheep gastro-intestinal nematodes in France, Greece and Italy","volume":"201","author":"Geurden","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2019.05.001","article-title":"Refugia and anthelmintic resistance: concepts and challenges","volume":"10","author":"Hodgkinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0095","first-page":"2284","article-title":"Haemonchosis and haemoparasites of small ruminants reared in north western, Nigeria","volume":"12","author":"Josiah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal Research International"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.08.001","article-title":"Drug resistance in nematodes of veterinary importance: a status report","volume":"20","author":"Kaplan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.001","article-title":"Biology, epidemiology, diagnosis, and Management of Anthelmintic Resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock","volume":"36","author":"Kaplan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.048","article-title":"An inconvenient truth: global worming and anthelmintic resistance","volume":"186","author":"Kaplan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1007\/s12639-020-01249-x","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis on the prevalence, distribution and nematode species diversity in small ruminants: a Nigerian perspective","volume":"44","author":"Karshima","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Parasitic Diseases\u00a0: Official Organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.041","article-title":"Targeted flock\/herd and individual ruminant treatment approaches","volume":"186","author":"Kenyon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.015","article-title":"The role of targeted selective treatments in the development of refugia-based approaches to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants","volume":"164","author":"Kenyon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.08.022","article-title":"Managing anthelmintic resistance--parasite fitness, drug use strategy and the potential for reversion towards susceptibility","volume":"198","author":"Leathwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-021-02921-x","article-title":"Evaluation of resistance to gastrointestinal helminth nematodes in two naturally infected indigenous Nigerian goat breeds","volume":"53","author":"Makun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0140","first-page":"16","article-title":"Benzimidazole resistance in strongyles of sheep in Ibadan, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Mbah","year":"1992","journal-title":"African Livestock Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-02721-9","article-title":"Prevalence of anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in polish goat herds assessed by the larval development test","volume":"17","author":"Mickiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0150","series-title":"The role of livestock in food security, poverty reduction and wealth creation in West Africa","author":"Molina-Flores","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0155","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small ruminants production and their uses among farmers in Nigeria: a review","volume":"10","author":"Mustapha","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Agriculture and Earth Science"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.09.004","article-title":"Prevalence and seasonal changes in the population of gastrointestinal nematodes of small ruminants in the semi-arid zone of North-Eastern Nigeria","volume":"144","author":"Nwosu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0165","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of the epidemiology of Haemonchosis in small ruminant in Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Obasaju","year":"1984","journal-title":"Niger. Vet. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0170","first-page":"157","article-title":"Anthelminthic resistance of gastrointestinal nematode parasites of west African dwarf goats in Ikwuano LGA, Abia state, Nigeria","volume":"1","author":"Onyeabor","year":"2021","journal-title":"JoSVAS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2013.01.008","article-title":"Advances in the diagnosis of key gastrointestinal nematode infections of livestock, with an emphasis on small ruminants","volume":"31","author":"Roeber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2014.11.033","article-title":"GLOWORM-FL: a simulation model of the effects of climate and climate change on the free-living stages of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites of ruminants","volume":"297","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-4655(02)00280-1","article-title":"Making best use of model evaluations to compute sensitivity indices","volume":"145","author":"Saltelli","year":"2002","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpc.2009.09.018","article-title":"Variance based sensitivity analysis of model output. Design and estimator for the total sensitivity index","volume":"181","author":"Saltelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Phys. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.04.009","article-title":"Weight-based targeted selective treatment of gastrointestinal nematodes in a commercial sheep flock","volume":"164","author":"Stafford","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0200","first-page":"13","article-title":"Gastrointestinal helminths infections in small ruminants slaughtered in Minna modern abattoir, north central, Nigeria","volume":"7","author":"Sunday","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Animal Veter. Serv."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0205","first-page":"55","article-title":"Refugia--overlooked as perhaps the most potent factor concerning the development of anthelmintic resistance","volume":"68","author":"van Wyk","year":"2001","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.04.023","article-title":"Targeted selective treatment for worm management-how do we sell rational programs to farmers?","volume":"139","author":"van Wyk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2004.07.010","article-title":"Drug resistance in veterinary helminths","volume":"20","author":"Wolstenholme","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.015","article-title":"Breeding for resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes \u2013 the potential in low-input\/output small ruminant production systems","volume":"225","author":"Zvinorova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S240593902600050X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S240593902600050X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,26]],"date-time":"2026-07-26T16:27:12Z","timestamp":1785083232000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S240593902600050X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":44,"alternative-id":["S240593902600050X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470","relation":{},"ISSN":["2405-9390"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2405-9390","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Region-specific modeling of refugia and anthelmintic resistance dynamics in gastrointestinal nematodes of Nigerian small ruminants","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.vprsr.2026.101470","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101470"}}