{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:49:48Z","timestamp":1790786988521,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554076800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,5]],"date-time":"2019-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1069565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1069565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1258485"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1258485"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IOS-0965336"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IOS-0965336"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0903371"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0903371"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,16]],"date-time":"2019-04-16T05:57:41Z","timestamp":1555394261000},"page":"366-378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Biological and thermochemical conversion of human solid waste to soil amendments"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"89","author":[{"given":"Leilah","family":"Krounbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akio","family":"Enders","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold","family":"van Es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominic","family":"Woolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"von Herzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4701-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0005","unstructured":"Ahern, C.R., McElnea, A.E., Sullivan, L.A. 2004. Acid neutralising capacity, carbonate and alkali cation methods, method code 19A1. Sulfate Soils Laboratory Methods Guidelines. Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy, Indooroopilly, Queensland, Australia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0010","unstructured":"AfricaFertilizer.org, 2018. Provides information on fertilizers to public and private sector <http:\/\/ https:\/\/africafertilizer.org\/> (accessed July 2018)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0015","unstructured":"African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC), 2014. Population and health dynamics in Nairobi\u2019s informal settlements: report of the Nairobi cross-sectional slums survey (NCSS) 2012. Nairobi, APHRC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0030","unstructured":"Alibaba.com <https:\/\/www.alibaba.com\/> (last accessed 2017)."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(03)00152-9","article-title":"Rearrangement of carbon and nitrogen forms in peat after progressive thermal oxidation as determined by solid-state 13C-and 15N-NMR spectroscopy","volume":"34","author":"Almendros","year":"2003","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0040","unstructured":"Amlinger, F., Pollak, M., Favoino, E., 2004. Heavy metals and organic compounds from wastes used as organic fertilizers\u2013Annex 2: Compost quality definition\u2013legislation and standards. Technical Office for Agriculture, Perchtoldsdorf, Austria, Ref.Nr.:TEND\/AML\/2001\/07\/20, July 2004, p. 9."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.10.006","article-title":"Composting toilets as a sustainable alternative to urban sanitation \u2013 a review","volume":"34","author":"Anand","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/S0146-6380(02)00062-1","article-title":"Chemical composition and bioavailability of thermally altered Pinus resinosa (Red pine) wood","volume":"33","author":"Baldock","year":"2002","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0125336","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125336","article-title":"Ascaris and Escherichia coli inactivation in an ecological sanitation system in Port-au-Prince","volume":"10","author":"Berendes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haiti. PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.agron.2017.03.002","article-title":"Current approaches and future trends in compost quality criteria for agronomic, environmental, and human health benefits","volume":"144","author":"Bernal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Agron."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0075","unstructured":"Budai, A., Zimmerman, A.R., Cowie, A.L., Webber, J.B.W., Singh, B.P., Glaser, B., Masiello, C.A., Andersson, D., Shields, F., Lehmann, J., Camps Arbestain, M., 2013. Biochar carbon stability test method: an assessment of methods to determine biochar carbon stability. Int. Biochar Initiat.. Accessed at <https:\/\/www.biochar-international.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/04\/IBI_Report_Biochar_Stability_Test_Method_Final.pdf>."},{"issue":"6001","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186120","article-title":"The evolution and future of Earth\u2019s nitrogen cycle","volume":"330","author":"Canfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-017-9903-5","article-title":"The long-term role of organic amendments in building soil nutrient fertility: a meta-analysis and review","volume":"111","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1079\/RAF200491","article-title":"The use of human waste for peri-urban agriculture in Northern Ghana","volume":"20","author":"Cofie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Renew. Agric. Food Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-environ-010213-113300","article-title":"Life's bottleneck: sustaining the world's phosphorus for a food secure future","volume":"39","author":"Cordell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annual Review Environ. Resour."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2005.09.021","article-title":"Estimating the demand for municipal waste compost via farmers\u2019 willingness-to-pay in Ghana","volume":"26","author":"Danso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)01098-1","article-title":"Assessment and management of risks arising from exposure to cadmium in fertilisers \u2013 I","volume":"291","author":"de Meeus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Del Rio-Salas, R., Ruiz, J., De la O-Villanueva, M., Valencia-Moreno, M., Moreno-Rodr\u00edguez, V., G\u00f3mez-Alvarez, A., Grijalva, T., Mendivil, H., Paz-Moreno, F., Meza-Figueroa, D., 2012. Tracing geogenic and anthropogenic sources in urban dusts: insights from lead isotopes. Atmos. Environ. 60, 202\u2013210.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.06.061"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.03.093","article-title":"Risk analysis of pyrolyzed biochar made from paper mill effluent treatment plant sludge for bioavailability and eco-toxicity of heavy metals","volume":"162","author":"Devi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresource Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1021\/es2045234","article-title":"Capital and operating costs of full-scale fecal sludge management and wastewater treatment systems in Dakar","volume":"46","author":"Dodane","year":"2012","journal-title":"Senegal. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0135","first-page":"8","article-title":"Closing the rural-urban food and nutrient loops in West Africa: a reality check","volume":"23","author":"Drechsel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urban Agric. Mag."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq1997.00472425002600010027x","article-title":"Nutrient, carbon, and mass loss during composting of beef cattle feedlot manure","volume":"26","author":"Eghball","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2012.03.022","article-title":"Characterization of biochars to evaluate recalcitrance and agronomic performance","volume":"114","author":"Enders","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0155","unstructured":"EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 2000. Exposure and human health reassessment of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. Part III: integrated summary and risk characterization for 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-Dioxin (TCDD) and related compounds. SAB Review Draft. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0160","unstructured":"EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 1995. Guide to the biosolids risk assessments for the EPA Part 503 Rule. Agency, EP, Ed., Washington DC. Table 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0165","unstructured":"European Commission, 2001. Organic contaminants in sewage sludge for agricultural use. Office for official publication for the European Communities, Luxembourg, 13. <http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/environment\/archives\/waste\/sludge\/pdf\/organics_in_sludge.pdf> (accessed September 2017)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0170","unstructured":"EUROSTAT, 1995. Europe\u2019s Environment. Statistical Compendium for the Dobris Assessment. Brussels: European Commission."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1017\/S1740022814000175","article-title":"Nightsoil and the \u2018Great Divergence\u2019: human waste, the urban economy, and economic productivity, 1500\u20131900","volume":"9","author":"Ferguson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Glob. Hist."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0180","unstructured":"F\u00fcrhacker, M., Lence, B., 1997. Sludge management in lower Austria: policy related issues in land application of sewage sludge, in: Specialty Conference on Management and Fate of Toxic Organics in Sludge Applied to Land. Copenhagen, Denmark, 30 April 2 May 1997. Technical University of Denmark."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1287\/inte.28.5.29","article-title":"Design and use of the Microsoft Excel Solver","volume":"28","author":"Fylstra","year":"1998","journal-title":"Interfaces"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0195","series-title":"Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation","first-page":"317","article-title":"Biochar, greenhouse gas accounting and emissions trading","author":"Gaunt","year":"2012"},{"issue":"6095","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1216852","article-title":"Taking the \u201cwaste\u201d out of \u201cwastewater\u201d for human water security and ecosystem sustainability","volume":"337","author":"Grant","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5864","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1150195","article-title":"Global change and the ecology of cities","volume":"319","author":"Grimm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2015.12.017","article-title":"Maize productivity dynamics in response to mineral nutrient additions and legacy organic soil inputs of contrasting quality","volume":"188","author":"G\u00fcere\u00f1a","year":"2016","journal-title":"Field Crops Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.11.027","article-title":"Biochar production and applications in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities, constraints, risks and uncertainties","volume":"150","author":"Gwenzi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2830","DOI":"10.1021\/es203984k","article-title":"Quantifying the total and bioavailable polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and dioxins in biochars","volume":"46","author":"Hale","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0152230","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0152230","article-title":"Effects of pyrolysis temperature on product yields and energy recovery from co-feeding of cotton gin trash, cow manure, and microalgae: a simulation study","volume":"11","author":"Hanif","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0235","unstructured":"Hogg, D., Barth, J., Favoino, E., Centemero, M., Caimi, V., Amlinger, F., Devliegher, W., Brinton, W., Antler, S., 2002. Comparison of compost standards within the EU, North America and Australasia. Main Report. The Waste and Resources Action Programme Banbury, Oxon, UK, p. 48."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0240","unstructured":"Homa Lime Co. LTD <http:\/\/www.homalime.com\/> (accessed July 2018)."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.10.045","article-title":"Biodegradability of fecal nitrogen in composting process","volume":"98","author":"Hotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.143","article-title":"Experimental study on nitrogen components during composting process of feces","volume":"55","author":"Hotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2004.02.008","article-title":"Evaluating heavy metal contents in nine composts using four digestion methods","volume":"95","author":"Hseu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(99)00527-6","article-title":"Urban population exposure to lead and cadmium in east and south-east Asia","volume":"249","author":"Ikeda","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2012.0151","article-title":"Environmental benefits of biochar","volume":"41","author":"Ippolito","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0280","series-title":"Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation","first-page":"139","article-title":"Biochar elemental composition and factors influencing nutrient retention","author":"Ippolito","year":"2015"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2007.08.011","article-title":"Hygiene versus fertiliser: the use of human excreta in agriculture \u2013 a Vietnamese example","volume":"211","author":"Jensen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.08.050","article-title":"Influence of pyrolysis temperature on properties and environmental safety of heavy metals in biochars derived from municipal sewage sludge","volume":"320","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mat."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.02.007","article-title":"Sustainable sanitation technology options for urban slums","volume":"30","author":"Katukiza","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0300","unstructured":"Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS), ICF Macro. Kenya Demographic and Health Survey 2008-09, 2010, KNBS and ICF Macro: Calverton, Maryland."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0305","series-title":"Challenges and Opportunities for Agricultural Intensification of the Humid Highland Systems of Sub-Saharan Africa","first-page":"177","article-title":"Determination of appropriate rate and mode of lime application on acid soils of Western Kenya: Targeting small scale farmers","author":"Kiplagat","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1017\/S0014479713000318","article-title":"Immediate and residual effects of lime and phosphorus fertilizer on soil acidity and maize production in western Kenya","volume":"50","author":"Kisinyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0320","unstructured":"Koenker, R., 2018. quantreg: Quantile Regression. R package version 5.35 <https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=quantreg> (accessed January 2016)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2307\/2347802","article-title":"Computing regression quantiles","volume":"36","author":"Koenker","year":"1987","journal-title":"App Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0330","series-title":"9th International IWA Specialist Group Conference on Wetlands Systems for Water Pollution Control and to the 6th International IWA Specialist Group Conference on Waste Stabilisation Ponds, Avignon, France","article-title":"Low-cost options for treating faecal sludges (FS) in developing countries\u2013challenges and performance","author":"Kon\u00e9","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/SS.0000000000000229","article-title":"Nitrogen and phosphorus availability of biologically and thermochemically decomposed human wastes and urine in soils with different texture and pH","volume":"183","author":"Krounbi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2005.07.005","article-title":"Selection of the most appropriate method to determine the carbonate content for engineering purposes with particular regard to marls","volume":"81","author":"Lamas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0360","unstructured":"Lehmann, J., 2012. Mitigation of ecosystem degradation by bioenergy using biochar. Final report. NYSERDA contract 9891."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0365","series-title":"Biochar for Environmental Management: Science, Technology and Implementation","first-page":"233","article-title":"Persistence of biochar in soil","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5779","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.10.5779-5786.2005","article-title":"Long-term survival of pathogenic and sanitation indicator bacteria in experimental biowaste composts","volume":"71","author":"Lemunier","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.06.019","article-title":"Long-term amendment of urban and animal wastes equivalent to more than 100 years of application had minimal effect on plant uptake of potentially toxic elements","volume":"231","author":"Lopez-Rayo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2009.01313.x","article-title":"State-conditional fertilizer yield response on western Kenyan farms","volume":"91","author":"Marenya","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Agric. Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.10.019","article-title":"Microwave treatment of faecal sludge from intensively used toilets in the slums of Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"184","author":"Mawioo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.12.022","article-title":"Influence of feedstock properties and pyrolysis conditions on biochar carbon stability as determined by hydrogen pyrolysis","volume":"73","author":"McBeath","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenerg."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1080\/00103628409367568","article-title":"Mehlich 3 soil test extractant: a modification of Mehlich 2 extractant","volume":"15","author":"Mehlich","year":"1984","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2018.03.007","article-title":"Future agricultural phosphorus demand according to the shared socioeconomic pathways","volume":"50","author":"Mogoll\u00f3n","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Environ. Change"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-6593.2006.00026.x","article-title":"Quantifying heavy metal inputs to agricultural soils in England and Wales","volume":"20","author":"Nicholson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Environ. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.06.022","article-title":"Bench-scale composting of source-separated human faeces for sanitation","volume":"29","author":"Niwagaba","year":"2009","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740000256","article-title":"Organic residues affect phosphorus availability and maize yields in a Nitisol of western Kenya","volume":"32","author":"Nziguheba","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2007.09.031","article-title":"Inputs of trace elements in agricultural soils via phosphate fertilizers in European countries","volume":"390","author":"Nziguheba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-015-9729-y","article-title":"Phosphorus in smallholder farming systems of sub-Saharan Africa: implications for agricultural intensification","volume":"104","author":"Nziguheba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0455","first-page":"153","article-title":"Available technologies to replenish soil fertility in East Africa","volume":"76","author":"Okalebo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.04.005","article-title":"Energy recovery from human faeces via gasification: a thermodynamic equilibrium modelling approach","volume":"118","author":"Onabanjo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eng. Convers. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2016.12.051","article-title":"Composting technology in waste stabilization: on the methods, challenges and future prospects","volume":"190","author":"Onwosi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2013.8359","article-title":"Recent advances towards understanding and managing Kenyan acid soils for improved crop production","volume":"9","author":"Opala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5897\/AJAR2018.13066","article-title":"Effects of lime and fertilizer on soil properties and maize yields in acid soils of Western Kenya","volume":"13","author":"Opala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Afr. J. Agric. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/SR10059","article-title":"Use and understanding of organic amendments in Australian agriculture: a review","volume":"49","author":"Quilty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Soil Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-011-0948-y","article-title":"Biochar reduces the bioavailability and phytotoxicity of heavy metals","volume":"348","author":"Park","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2010.0266","article-title":"Alternative poultry litter storage for improved transportation and use as a soil amendment","volume":"40","author":"Penn","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0177626","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177626","article-title":"Bacterial community structure transformed after thermophilically composting human waste in Haiti","volume":"12","author":"Piceno","year":"2017","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7297","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00916","article-title":"Microbes and the next nitrogen revolution","volume":"51","author":"Pikaar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0520","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Found. Stat. Comp. Vienna, Austria, 2017. http:\/\/www.R-project.org (accessed January 2016)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1021\/es902266r","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of biochar systems: estimating the energetic, economic and climate change potential","volume":"44","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2014.1000761","article-title":"The characterization of feces and urine: a review of the literature to inform advanced treatment technology","volume":"45","author":"Rose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.11.003","article-title":"Comparative assessment of municipal sewage sludge incineration, gasification and pyrolysis for a sustainable sludge-to-energy management in Greece","volume":"34","author":"Samolada","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0545","unstructured":"Sanergy latrine manufacturing company <http:\/\/www.saner.gy\/> (accessed April 2017)."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00973-1","article-title":"Composition of human excreta\u2014a case study from Southern Thailand","volume":"286","author":"Schouw","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.09.001","article-title":"Decentralized options for faecal sludge management in urban slum areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: a review of technologies, practices and end-uses","volume":"104","author":"Semiyaga","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2017.01.062","article-title":"Continuous urea\u2013nitrogen recycling from human urine: a step towards creating a human excreta-based bio-economy","volume":"172","author":"Simha","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11770","DOI":"10.1021\/es302545b","article-title":"Biochar carbon stability in a clayey soil as a function of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature","volume":"46","author":"Singh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-007-9193-9","article-title":"Long term effects of manure, charcoal and mineral fertilization on crop production and fertility on a highly weathered Central Amazonian upland soil","volume":"291","author":"Steiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0580","unstructured":"Syers, K., Bekunda, M., Cordell, D., Corman, J., Johnston, J., Rosemarin, A. and Salcedo, I., 2011. Phosphorus and food production, in: UNEP, editor. UNEP Year Book 2011. Emerging issues in our environment. New York, UNEP, pp. 34\u201345."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247815572746","article-title":"Container-based sanitation: assessing costs and effectiveness of excreta management in Cap Haitien","volume":"27","author":"Tilmans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Haiti. Environ. Urban."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015137922816","article-title":"Carbon, nutrient, and mass loss during composting","volume":"62","author":"Tiquia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.10.057","article-title":"Early testing of new sanitation technology for urban slums: the case of the Blue Diversion Toilet","volume":"576","author":"Tobias","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfl055","article-title":"The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxin-like compounds","volume":"93","author":"Van den Berg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-018-9934-6","article-title":"The long-term role of organic amendments in addressing soil constraints to production","volume":"111","author":"Van Zwieten","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/15730620600578629","article-title":"The characteristics of household wastewater and biodegradable solid waste\u2014a proposal for new Swedish design values","volume":"3","author":"Vinner\u00e5s","year":"2006","journal-title":"Urban Water J."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.07.011","article-title":"Comparison of composting, storage and urea treatment for sanitising of faecal matter and manure","volume":"98","author":"Vinner\u00e5s","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2017.09.001","article-title":"Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in biochar \u2013 their formation, occurrence and analysis: a review","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orggeochem.2012.07.009","article-title":"Chemical and bioassay characterisation of nitrogen availability in biochar produced from dairy manure and biosolids","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Org. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0635","unstructured":"World Bank, 2015. State and trends of carbon pricing 2015. World Bank Publications."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wickham, H., 2009. ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. Springer-Verlag New York <http:\/\/ggplot2.org> (accessed January 2016).","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-98141-3"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1814","article-title":"An open-source biomass pyrolysis reactor","volume":"11","author":"Woolf","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioproducts Biorefining"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2018.07.020","article-title":"Pyrolysis of human feces: gas yield analysis and kinetic modeling","volume":"79","author":"Yacob","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0660","unstructured":"Yager, T.R., 2011. The mineral industry of Kenya. US geological survey minerals, Yearbook 2009, Africa and the Middle East, p.19."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.11.011","article-title":"Effects of pyrolysis temperature and heating time on biochar obtained from the pyrolysis of straw and lignosulfonate","volume":"176","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010_b0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1021\/es903140c","article-title":"Abiotic and microbial oxidation of laboratory-produced black carbon (biochar)","volume":"44","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci Technol."}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X19302235?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X19302235?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T16:22:48Z","timestamp":1778516568000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X19302235"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"references-count":107,"alternative-id":["S0956053X19302235"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biological and thermochemical conversion of human solid waste to soil amendments","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.04.010","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}