{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:49:48Z","timestamp":1792518588277,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001797","name":"Curtin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T21:54:17Z","timestamp":1614981257000},"page":"87-97","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Cyanide consumption minimisation and concomitant toxic effluent minimisation during precious metals extraction from waste printed circuit boards"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"125","author":[{"given":"Huan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed","family":"Oraby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacques","family":"Eksteen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0005","first-page":"447","article-title":"Gold ore processing: project development and operations","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elsevier"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0010","first-page":"p","article-title":"Comparison of the MMS CN-DTM Cyanide destruction process with Caro\u2019s Acid, SMBS\/Air and hydrogen peroxide options","volume":"7","author":"Adams","year":"2016","journal-title":"ALTA 2016 Conference."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2015.01.017","article-title":"Precious metal recovery from waste printed circuit boards using cyanide and non-cyanide lixiviants\u2013a review","volume":"45","author":"Akcil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.11.103","article-title":"Reduction of potassium cyanide usage in a consolidated industrial process for gold recovery from wastes and scraps","volume":"142","author":"Bisceglie","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.06.012","article-title":"Towards sustainable recycling processes: Wasted printed circuit boards as a source of economic opportunities","volume":"149","author":"D\u2019Adamo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0030","series-title":"Lange's handbook of chemistry","author":"Dean","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.02.056","article-title":"The sulfide precipitation behaviour of Cu and Au from their aqueous alkaline glycinate and cyanide complexes","volume":"218","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0040","article-title":"Sulfide precipitation of copper from alkaline glycine-cyanide solutions: precipitate characterisation","volume":"145","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2019.116280","article-title":"Cu adsorption behaviours onto chelating resins from glycine-cyanide solutions: Isotherms, kinetics and regeneration studies","volume":"236","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2020.105425","article-title":"Gold recovery from cyanide-starved glycine solutions in the presence of Cu using a molecularly imprinted resin (IXOS-AuC)","volume":"196","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.03.061","article-title":"Comprehensive process for the recovery of value and critical materials from electronic waste","volume":"125","author":"Diaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2014.08.020","article-title":"The leaching and adsorption of gold using low concentration amino acids and hydrogen peroxide: Effect of catalytic ions, sulphide minerals and amino acid type","volume":"70","author":"Eksteen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eksteen, J.J., Oraby, E.A., Tanda, B.C., Tauetsile, P.J., Bezuidenhout, G.A., Newton T. Trask, F., Bryan, I., 2018. Towards Industrial Implementation of Glycine-Based Leach and Adsorption Technologies for Gold-Copper Ores. Can. Metall. Q., 57(4), 390-398","DOI":"10.1080\/00084433.2017.1391736"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0070","unstructured":"Forti, V., Bald\u00e9, C.P., Kuehr, R. and Bel, G., 2020. The global e-waste monitor - 2020. United Nations University (UNU), International Telecommunication Union (ITU) & International Solid Waste Association (ISWA). Available at https:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Environment\/Documents\/Toolbox\/GEM_2020_def.pdf (accessed on 01\/07\/2020)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0075","unstructured":"Hotea, V., 2013. Clean technology of lead recovery from spent lead paste, WSEAS Conference program, Chania, Crete Island, Greece, pp. 263-269."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104526","article-title":"Assessing the recycling potential of \u201cunregulated\u201d e-waste in Australia","volume":"152","author":"Islam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.08.004","article-title":"Recovery of metals and nonmetals from electronic waste by physical and chemical recycling processes","volume":"57","author":"Kaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.01.006","article-title":"Electronic waste management approaches: An overview","volume":"33","author":"Kiddee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1351\/pac199163040597","article-title":"Critical survey of stability constants of complexes of glycine","volume":"63","author":"Kiss","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pure and applied chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1163\/156855206775123467","article-title":"Effect of impact velocity control on selective grinding of waste printed circuit boards","volume":"17","author":"Koyanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Advanced Powder Technology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0105","first-page":"163","article-title":"Stability of metal-cyanide and hydroxide complexes, World Gold'97","author":"Kyle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Singapore"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.11.014","article-title":"Monitour: Tracking global routes of electronic waste","volume":"72","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2018.08.007","article-title":"Hydrometallurgical recovery of metals from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs): Current status and perspectives \u2013 A review","volume":"139","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.104624","article-title":"Extraction of copper and the co-leaching behaviour of other metals from waste printed circuit boards using alkaline glycine solutions","volume":"154","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recy."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0125","first-page":"9 p","article-title":"Recovery of copper and the deportment of other base metals from alkaline glycine leachates derived from waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs)","volume":"199: 105540","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.07.005","article-title":"Direct extraction of palladium and silver from waste printed circuit boards powder by supercritical fluids oxidation-extraction process","volume":"318","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0135","first-page":"635","article-title":"Kinetic gold leach monitoring including cyanide speciation","volume":"109","author":"Lotz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. South. Afr. Inst. Min. Metall."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0140","first-page":"62","article-title":"Cyanide and society: a critical review","volume":"4","author":"Mudder","year":"2004","journal-title":"ejmp & ep (European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2018.10.001","article-title":"Electrochemical behaviour of copper in alkaline glycine solutions","volume":"181","author":"O'Connor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2014.09.005","article-title":"The selective leaching of copper from a gold\u2013copper concentrate in glycine solutions","volume":"150","author":"Oraby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2015.05.012","article-title":"Gold leaching in cyanide-starved copper solutions in the presence of glycine","volume":"156","author":"Oraby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2014.12.015","article-title":"The leaching of gold, silver and their alloys in alkaline glycine\u2013peroxide solutions and their adsorption on carbon","volume":"152","author":"Oraby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2017.02.019","article-title":"Gold and copper leaching from gold-copper ores and concentrates using a synergistic lixiviant mixture of glycine and cyanide","volume":"169","author":"Oraby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3897","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-019-00780-0","article-title":"An alkaline glycine-based leach process of base and precious metals from powdered waste printed circuit boards","volume":"11","author":"Oraby","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valori."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs3020054","article-title":"Non-destructive characterization of mechanically processed waste printed circuit boards: X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and prompt gamma activation analysis","volume":"3","author":"Otsuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Composites Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.3390\/met9080899","article-title":"Selective milling and elemental assay of printed circuit board particles for their recycling purpose","volume":"9","author":"Otsuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.11.006","article-title":"Non-destructive characterization of mechanically processed waste printed circuit boards - particle liberation analysis","volume":"102","author":"Otsuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123738","article-title":"Environmental-friendly recovery of non-metallic resources from waste printed circuit boards: A review","volume":"279","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118690","article-title":"Recovering full metallic resources from waste printed circuit boards: A refined review","volume":"244","author":"Qiu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics8101202","article-title":"Determination of Liberation Degree of Mechanically Processed Waste Printed Circuit Boards by Using the Digital Microscope and SEM-EDS Analysis","volume":"8","author":"Pereira Gon\u00e7alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S0892-6875(99)00075-8","article-title":"The role of metal-cyanide species in leaching gold from a copper concentrate","volume":"12","author":"Rees","year":"1999","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2017.02.017","article-title":"The extraction of platinum and palladium from a synthetic cyanide heap leach solution with strong base anion exchange resins","volume":"162","author":"Schoeman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7595","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01852","article-title":"Responding to China\u2019s Waste Import Ban through a New, Innovative, Cooperative Mechanism","volume":"52","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2016.11.011","article-title":"An investigation into the leaching behaviour of copper oxide minerals in aqueous alkaline glycine solutions","volume":"167","author":"Tanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2017.06.075","article-title":"Recovery of copper from alkaline glycine leach solution using solvent extraction","volume":"187","author":"Tanda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2018.04.015","article-title":"Adsorption Behaviour of Copper and Gold Glycinates in Alkaline Media onto Activated Carbon. Part 1: Isotherms","volume":"178","author":"Tauetsile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydromet.2018.04.016","article-title":"Adsorption behaviour of Copper and Gold Glycinates in Alkaline Media onto Activated Carbon. Part 2: Kinetics","volume":"178","author":"Tauetsile","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrometallurgy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.09.024","article-title":"Activated carbon adsorption of gold from cyanide-starved glycine solutions containing copper. Part 1: Isotherms","volume":"211","author":"Tauetsile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.09.022","article-title":"Activated carbon adsorption of gold from cyanide-starved glycine solutions containing copper. Part 2: Kinetics","volume":"211","author":"Tauetsile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0250","article-title":"Liquid-Solid Extraction, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial","author":"Theodor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/08827509008952658","article-title":"The Chemistry of Cyanide-Metal Complexes in Relation to Hydrometallurgical Processes of Precious Metals","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"1990","journal-title":"Miner. Process. Extr. Metall. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15246-4","article-title":"Mapping anthropogenic mineral generation in China and its implications for a circular economy","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2011.07.002","article-title":"Recycling of organic materials and solder from waste printed circuit boards by vacuum pyrolysis-centrifugation coupling technology","volume":"31","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Waste Manage."}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X21001021?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X21001021?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T17:46:01Z","timestamp":1760636761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X21001021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0956053X21001021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Cyanide consumption minimisation and concomitant toxic effluent minimisation during precious metals extraction from waste printed circuit boards","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.02.033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}