{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:16:26Z","timestamp":1791472586129,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]],"date-time":"2023-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688169600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012542","name":"Sichuan Province Science and Technology Support Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFSY0040"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFSY0040"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012542","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51876183"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51876183"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,1]],"date-time":"2023-06-01T21:04:06Z","timestamp":1685653446000},"page":"183-193","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Carbon distribution and multi-criteria decision analysis of flexible waste biomass smouldering processing technologies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Yuying","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4090-1148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaorun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunzhu","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas C.","family":"Surawski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0584-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinyan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0005","author":"Akeredolu","year":"1998","journal-title":"A review of the usefulness of gas flares in air pollution control."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2011.10.023","article-title":"The environmental comparison of landfilling vs. incineration of MSW accounting for waste diversion","volume":"32","author":"Assamoi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X0001800604","article-title":"Alternative MSW treatment options to reduce global greenhouse gases emissions-the Israeli example","volume":"18","author":"Ayalon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.92","article-title":"Biomass pyrolysis: a state-of-the-art review","volume":"2","author":"Babu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining: Innovation for a sustainable economy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0025","author":"Basu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomass Gasification and Pyrolysis: practical design and theory."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2009.01.021","article-title":"PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications","volume":"200","author":"Behzadian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-9236(94)90048-5","article-title":"The PROMCALC & GAIA decision support system for multicriteria decision aid","volume":"12","author":"Brans","year":"1994","journal-title":"Decis. Support Syst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00394-w","article-title":"Mineral-enriched biochar delivers enhanced nutrient recovery and carbon dioxide removal","volume":"3","author":"Buss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Communications Earth & Environment"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00102202.2022.2147794","article-title":"Limits of sustaining a flame above smoldering woody biomass","volume":"00","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0050","series-title":"Clean Smoldering Biowaste Process : Effect of Burning Direction on Smoke Purification by Self-Sustained Flame","author":"Chen","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132363","article-title":"Smouldering organic waste removal technology with smoke emissions cleaned by self-sustained flame","volume":"362","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12030","article-title":"The effect of pyrolysis conditions on biochar stability as determined by three methods","volume":"5","author":"Crombie","year":"2013","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1080\/15275922.2021.1887973","article-title":"Subtle early-warning indicators of landfill subsurface thermal events","volume":"23","author":"Davis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Forensic"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1080\/00908310252889979","article-title":"An overview of biomass pyrolysis","volume":"24","author":"Demirbas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Energy Source."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0075","unstructured":"Department of Agriculture, W. and the E., 2020. National Waste Report 2020."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2008.11.075","article-title":"Synthesis gas production by biomass pyrolysis : Effect of reactor temperature on product distribution","volume":"34","author":"Dufour","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Hydrogen Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0085","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency, 1995. Survey of Control Technologies for Low Concentration Organic Vapour Gas Streams."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0090","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency, 1997. Sources and Air Emission Control Technologies at Waste Management Facilities. Washington, DC."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0095","unstructured":"European Environment Agency, 2015. Annual European Union Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990-2013 and Inventory Report 1015."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.11.014","article-title":"Continuous, self-sustaining smouldering destruction of simulated faeces","volume":"190","author":"Fabris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2021.121485","article-title":"Smouldering combustion of sewage sludge: Volumetric scale-up, product characterization, and economic analysis","volume":"305","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0110","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pyrolysis of sewage sludge under conditions relevant to applied smouldering combustion","volume":"000","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Combust. Inst."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsc.2020.04.006","article-title":"ScienceDirect Clean combustion and flare minimization to reduce emissions from process industry","volume":"23","author":"Gai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Green Sustainable Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-27624-7","article-title":"Potential for future reductions of global GHG and air pollutants from circular waste management systems","volume":"13","author":"G\u00f3mez-Sanabria","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1021\/es2040398","article-title":"An index-based approach to assessing recalcitrance and soil carbon sequestration potential of engineered black carbons (biochars)","volume":"46","author":"Harvey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022878830252","article-title":"Biotic landfill cover treatments for mitigating methane emissions","volume":"84","author":"Hilger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1071\/WF17084","article-title":"Review of emissions from smouldering peat fires and their contribution to regional haze episodes","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Wildland Fire"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.02.201","article-title":"Interactions of Earth\u2019s atmospheric oxygen and fuel moisture in smouldering wildfires","volume":"572","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_bib325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2016.01.027","article-title":"Thermochemical conversion of biomass in smouldering combustion across scales: The roles of heterogeneous kinetics, oxygen and transport phenomena","volume":"207","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X9901700607","article-title":"Alternative approach to the elimination of greenhouse gases from old landfills","volume":"17","author":"Humer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Waste Manag. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0150","unstructured":"IPCC, 2006. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.01.050","article-title":"A comparative review of biochar and hydrochar in terms of production, physico-chemical properties and applications","volume":"45","author":"Kambo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2016.1204812","article-title":"Technology Critical review of the methane generation potential of municipal solid waste","volume":"46","author":"Krause","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seta.2013.11.004","article-title":"Estimation of GHG emission and energy recovery potential from MSW landfill sites","volume":"5","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.119714","article-title":"Environmental and energy assessment of biomass residues to biochar as fuel: A brief review with recommendations for future bioenergy systems","volume":"251","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00852-8","article-title":"Biochar in climate change mitigation","volume":"14","author":"Lehmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-018-0125-x","article-title":"Extreme air pollution from residential solid fuel burning","volume":"1","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-017-9422-5","article-title":"Treatment technologies for urban solid biowaste to create value products: a review with focus on low- and middle-income settings","volume":"16","author":"Lohri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2008.12.006","article-title":"Bioresource Technology The impact of landfilling and composting on greenhouse gas emissions \u2013 A review","volume":"100","author":"Lou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.04.014","article-title":"Status and perspectives of municipal solid waste incineration in China: A comparison with developed regions","volume":"69","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., Bezirtzoglou, E., 2020. Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review. Frontiers in public health 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pecs.2011.01.001","article-title":"Characterization and prediction of biomass pyrolysis products","volume":"37","author":"Neves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Energy Combust. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3801\/IAFSS.FSS.3-565","article-title":"Smoldering Combustion Propagation On Solid Wood","volume":"3","author":"Ohlemiller","year":"1991","journal-title":"Fire Safety Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/00102208608923934","article-title":"Combustion efficiency of flares","volume":"50","author":"Pohl","year":"1986","journal-title":"Combust. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.01.037","article-title":"Application of self-sustaining smouldering combustion for the destruction of wastewater biosolids","volume":"50","author":"Rashwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.09.004","article-title":"Scaling up self-sustained smouldering of sewage sludge for waste-to-energy","volume":"135","author":"Rashwan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.031","article-title":"Emissions of air pollutants from primary crop residue burning in India and their mitigation strategies for cleaner emissions","volume":"208","author":"Ravindra","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_bib323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126750","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126750","article-title":"Smoldering peat fire detection by time-resolved measurements of transient CO2 and CH4 emissions using a novel dual-gas optical sensor","volume":"334","author":"Raza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0235","first-page":"581","article-title":"Smoldering Combustion","volume":"2014","author":"Rein","year":"2014","journal-title":"SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0240","unstructured":"Rein, G., 2008. Gains and threats from smouldering combustion to biochar production and storage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0245","article-title":"The relevance of pyrogenic carbon for carbon budgets from fires : insights from the FIREX experiment","volume":"0\u20133","author":"Santin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Global Biogeochem. Cycles"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2021.107144","article-title":"Self-sustaining smoldering as a novel disposal approach for food waste with high moisture content","volume":"228","author":"Song","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_bib321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.143539","article-title":"Modelling oxygen-limited and self-sustained smoldering propagation: Thermochemical treatment of food waste in an inert porous medium","volume":"468","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.4155\/cmt.10.32","article-title":"Review of the stability of biochar in soils: Predictability of O: C molar ratios","volume":"1","author":"Spokas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1021\/es3035208","article-title":"Application of multicriteria decision making methods to compression ignition engine efficiency and gaseous, particulate, and greenhouse gas emissions","volume":"47","author":"Surawski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2006.04.020","article-title":"Methane generation in landfills","volume":"32","author":"Themelis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2008.07.019","article-title":"Fine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater","volume":"42","author":"Tissari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2015.10.122","article-title":"Effect of process parameters on production of biochar from biomass waste through pyrolysis: A review","volume":"55","author":"Tripathi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia, R., Zon, W. Van Der, Woelders, H., Lubberding, H.J., Gijzen, H.J., 2009. Achieving \u2018\u2018 Final Storage Quality \u201d of municipal solid waste in pilot scale bioreactor landfills. Waste Management 29, 78\u201385. Doi: 10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.02.008.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2008.02.008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3478","DOI":"10.1039\/C4EE01647E","article-title":"Recent advances in solid sorbents for CO 2 capture and new development trends","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Energ. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2009.09.015","article-title":"Pyrolysis of pine wood in a slowly heating fixed-bed reactor: Potassium carbonate versus calcium hydroxide as a catalyst","volume":"91","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1053","article-title":"Sustainable biochar to mitigate global climate change","volume":"1","author":"Woolf","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.07.050","article-title":"Experimental investigation on the self-ignition behaviour of coal dust accumulations in oxy-fuel combustion system","volume":"160","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0305","article-title":"A Novel Approach to the Production of Biochar with Improved Fuel Characteristics from Biomass Waste","volume":"6467\u20136481","author":"Wyn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valorization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2012.04.028","article-title":"Bio-oil production and upgrading research: A review","volume":"16","author":"Xiu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2015.01.055","article-title":"Smouldering combustion as a treatment technology for faeces: exploring the parameter space","volume":"147","author":"Yerm\u00e1n","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-016-9586-1","article-title":"Potential bio-oil production from smouldering combustion of faeces","volume":"8","author":"Yerm\u00e1n","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X23003859?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X23003859?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T07:05:20Z","timestamp":1718867120000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X23003859"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S0956053X23003859"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Carbon distribution and multi-criteria decision analysis of flexible waste biomass smouldering processing technologies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.038","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Crown Copyright \u00a9 2023 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}