{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T22:46:43Z","timestamp":1788821203648,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,6]],"date-time":"2025-02-06T12:46:43Z","timestamp":1738846003000},"page":"107-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pharmaceutical waste management legislations: Where do ASEAN countries stand in harmonization? A review of regulatory documents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"195","author":[{"given":"Binaya","family":"Sapkota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agamutu","family":"Pariatamby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0005","unstructured":"ADB, 2021. Due Diligence of Indonesia\u2019s Medical Waste Management System. Asian Development Bank. Accessed from https:\/\/www.adb.org\/sites\/default\/files\/linked-documents\/54425-001-sd-09.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0010","series-title":"Health Care Waste Management and COVID 19 Pandemic: Policy, Implementation Status and Vaccine Management","article-title":"Clinical waste management in Malaysia and COVID-19 waste management case study.","author":"Agamuthu","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22914","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-73679-z","article-title":"Enhancing environmental quality and economic growth through potential effects of energy efficiency and renewable energy in Asian economies","volume":"14","author":"Ahmed","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0020","unstructured":"Ahteensuu, M., and Sandin, P., 2012. The Precautionary Principle. In: Sabine Roeser, Rafaela Hillerbrand, Per Sandin, Martin Peterson (EDS.) (ed.) Handbook of Risk Theory: Epistemology, Decision Theory, Ethics, and Social Implications of Risk. Springer Science+Business Media B.V."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0025","unstructured":"ASEAN Ministerial Bodies, 2022. ASEAN Pharmaceutical Regulatory Policy. ASEAN Economic Ministers (AEM) and ASEAN Health Ministers (AHM). Accessed from https:\/\/asean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/Final-Text-APRP-adopted-AEM-and-AHMM.pdf (access September 2, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0030","unstructured":"ASEAN Ministers on Environment, 2017. ASEAN Joint Declaration on Hazardous Chemicals and Waste Management. ASEAN Ministers on Environment. Accessed from https:\/\/asean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/Annex-2_Joint-Declaration-HCWM-Adopted-by-AMME.pdf (access September 2, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0035","unstructured":"Association of Southeast Asian Nations, 2008. The ASEAN Charter [Online]. Jakarta, Indonesia: ASEAN Secretariat. Available: https:\/\/asean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/images\/archive\/publications\/ASEAN-Charter.pdf [Accessed December 20, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0040","series-title":"Health Care Waste Management and COVID 19 Pandemic: Policy, Implementation Status and Vaccine Management","article-title":"Healthcare waste management and post-pandemic countermeasures: the case of the Philippines","author":"Atienza","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0045","article-title":"Environmental Protection and Management Act 1999 [Online]","author":"Attorney-General's Chambers of Singapore","year":"1999","journal-title":"Attorney-General's Chambers of Singapore."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0050","unstructured":"Attorney-General's Chambers, Singapore, 1997. Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import and Transit) Act 1997. Attorney-General's Chambers, Singapore. Accessed from https:\/\/sso.agc.gov.sg\/act\/hwceita1997 (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0055","unstructured":"Basel Convention, 2011. Fact Sheet: Asian Network for Prevention of Illegal Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes [Online]. Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Available: https:\/\/www.basel.int\/Default.aspx?tabid=2936 [Accessed August 16, 2024 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2021.11.038","article-title":"Micropollutants","volume":"32","author":"Bertram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0065","article-title":"DUMP (Disposal of Unwanted Medicines Properly) campaign [Online]","author":"Board","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waitemata District Health Board."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0070","unstructured":"Brunei Darussalam Government Gazette, 2013. Hazardous Waste (Control of Export, Import and Transit) Order, 2013 (No. S 94) [Online]. Brunei Darussalam Government Gazette. Available: https:\/\/www.agc.gov.bn\/AGC%20Images\/LAWS\/Gazette_PDF\/2013\/EN\/s094.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0075","article-title":"Safe management of wastes from health-care activities","author":"Chartier","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Health Organization"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0080","article-title":"Management of medicines wastage, returned medicines and safe disposal in malaysian community pharmacies: a qualitative study","volume":"9","author":"Chong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0085","first-page":"533","article-title":"The (PFAS) T and the Furious: Applying Hazardous Waste Management Frameworks to the Global Presence of PFAS","volume":"87","author":"Clark","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Air l. & Com."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0090","unstructured":"CPCB, 2017. Guidelines for Bio-medical Waste Incinerator (Revised Draft) [Online]. Delhi, India: Central Pollution Control Board. Available: https:\/\/cpcb.nic.in\/uploads\/Projects\/Bio-Medical-Waste\/Revised_Guidelines_for_Bio-medical_Waste_Incinerator.pdf [Accessed October 8, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0095","article-title":"Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 2005, PU (A) 294\/2005 [Online]","author":"Department of Environment","year":"2005","journal-title":"Federal Subsidiary Legislation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0100","unstructured":"Department of Environment, 2009a. Environmental Quality (Industrial Effluent) Regulations 2009 [Online]. Department of Environment, Malaysia. Available: https:\/\/www.doe.gov.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Environmental_Quality_Industrial_Effluent_Regulations_2009_-_P.U.A_434-2009.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0105","unstructured":"Department of Environment, 2009b. Environmental Quality (Sewage) Regulations 2009 [Online]. Department of Environment, Malaysia. Available: https:\/\/www.doe.gov.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/Environmental_Quality_Sewage_Regulations_2009_-_P.U.A_432-2009.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0110","unstructured":"Department of Environment, 2009c. Guidelines for Clinical Waste Management. Department of Environment, Malaysia. Accessed from https:\/\/umresearch.um.edu.my\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/05\/Management_Of_Clinical_Wastes_In_Malaysia__2__0.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0115","unstructured":"Department of Health, 2022. Health Care Waste Management Manual. Department of Health, Philippines. Accessed from https:\/\/ntp.doh.gov.ph\/download\/health-care-waste-management-manual\/ (access July 15, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0120","unstructured":"National Diet, 1970. Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law (Law No. 34 of 2010) [Online]. The National Diet, Japan. Available: https:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/en\/recycle\/basel_conv\/files\/Waste_Management_and_Public_Cleansing.pdf [Accessed October 6, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0130","unstructured":"EAUC, 2024. The Duty of Care [Online]. Environmental Association for Universities and Colleges (EAUC). Available: https:\/\/www.sustainabilityexchange.ac.uk\/the_duty_of_care [Accessed Septembwer 7, 2024 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0135","unstructured":"ECD, Myanmar, 2018. National Waste Management Strategy and Master Plan for Myanmar (2018-2030). Environmental Conservation Department (ECD), Ministry of the Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC). Accessed from https:\/\/ccet.jp\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-10\/Final-Myanmar_WMSAM_0829.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0140","unstructured":"EFPIA, 2023. White Paper: Balancing challenges on Environment with access to medicines in Europe [Online]. European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations. Available: https:\/\/www.efpia.eu\/media\/677263\/white-paper.pdf [Accessed September 29, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0145","unstructured":"EFPIA, 2024. White Paper on Circular Economy. European Federation of Pharmceutical Industries and Associations. accessed from https:\/\/www.efpia.eu\/media\/htreo44j\/white-paper-on-circular-economy.pdf (access September 15, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0150","unstructured":"Embrey, M. 2012. Pharmaceutical Production Policy. In: RYAN, M. (ed.) MSD-3: Managing Access to Medicines and Health Technologies. Management Sciences for Health. Accessed from https:\/\/msh.org\/resources\/mds-3-managing-access-to-medicines-and-health-technologies\/ (access December 18, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0155","unstructured":"Enviornmental Protection Agency, 2019. Management Standards for Hazardous Waste Pharmaceuticals and Amendment to the P075 Listing for Nicotine [Online]. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Available: https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-2019-02-22\/pdf\/2019-01298.pdf [Accessed September 29, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0160","unstructured":"European Parliament, 2008. Directive 2008\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. European Parliament. accessed from https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:02008L0098-20180705 (access September 9, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0165","unstructured":"European Union, 2019. Regulation (EU) 2019\/1021 of the European Parliament and of the Council on persistent organic pollutants [Online]. European Union. Available: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/eur187992.pdf [Accessed September 29, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0170","article-title":"Drug regulatory harmonization in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations: Is it time for an ASEAN medicines agency? A policy review","volume":"101649","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Global Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11571","DOI":"10.1021\/ie501210j","article-title":"Pharmaceutical industry wastewater: review of the technologies for water treatment and reuse","volume":"53","author":"Gadipelly","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Eng. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0180","series-title":"Health Care Waste Management and COVID 19 Pandemic: Policy, Implementation Status and Vaccine Management","article-title":"COVID-19 and Healthcare Waste Management (HCWM) in Myanmar: Perspectives from the Triple R (Response, Recovery, and Redesign)","author":"Gamaralalage","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0185","article-title":"What is GEN? [Online]","author":"Global Ecolabelling Network","year":"2024","journal-title":"Global Ecolabelling Network."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0190","unstructured":"Global Fund, 2020. Technical Brief: Sustainable Health Care Waste Management. The Global Fund, Geneva, Switzerland. Accessed from https:\/\/greenhealthcarewaste.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/The-Global-Fund-Technical-Brief-Sustainable-HCWM.pdf (access September 8, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0195","unstructured":"Goto, K., Hasunama, H., Inoue, Y., Tahara, S., 2024. Decarbonizing Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facilities [Online]. International Society for Pharmaceutical Engineering (ISPE). [Accessed December 16, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0200","unstructured":"Government Gazette, 2017. Ministerial Regulation on Hygienic Waste Management B.E.2560 (2017) [Online]. Minister of Public Health. Available: https:\/\/laws.anamai.moph.go.th\/th\/ministry-rule\/download\/?did=204264&id=71868&reload= [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0205","unstructured":"Government of Japan, 2024. Competent Authority and Focal Point [Online]. Ministry of the Environment, Government of Japan. Available: https:\/\/www.env.go.jp\/en\/recycle\/asian_net\/ParticipatingCountries_N_Partners\/index.html [Accessed August 16, 2024 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0210","unstructured":"Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 2015. Decree on the management of wastes and scraps (No. 38\/2015\/ND-CP) [Online]. Government of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Available: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/vie168524.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0215","article-title":"Principles of sustainable healthcare in pharmacy practice","volume":"313","author":"Hampson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0220","article-title":"Waves of pharmaceutical waste","volume":"1\u20135","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0225","article-title":"Safe Disposal of Unused Pharmaceuticals [Online]","author":"Hanna","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Nations Environment Program."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0230","unstructured":"HCWH, 2021. Global Road Map for Health Care Decarbonization. Report ed.: Health Care Without Harm. Accessed from https:\/\/healthcareclimateaction.org\/roadmap (access December 16, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0235","article-title":"Prevention of Hazard from Chemical and Related Substances Law [Online]","author":"Hluttaw","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Pyidaungsu Hluttaw."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0240","article-title":"What are science-based targets? [Online]","author":"Initiative","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science Based Targets Initiative."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2930","DOI":"10.1080\/10643389.2021.1902225","article-title":"Drivers-pressures-state-impact-response framework of hazardous waste management in China","volume":"52","author":"Kanwal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0250","article-title":"Green Pharma: How the Pharmaceutical Industry Is Embracing Sustainability [Online]","author":"Karkare","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cornerstone International Group."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hydres.2022.11.001","article-title":"The pharmaceutical disposal practices and environmental contamination: A review in East African countries","volume":"5","author":"Karungamye","year":"2022","journal-title":"HydroResearch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0260","unstructured":"KLRI, 2007. Wastes Control Act [Online]. Korea Legislation Research Institute (KLRI). Available: https:\/\/www.fao.org\/faolex\/results\/details\/en\/c\/LEX-FAOC117318\/ [Accessed October 6, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kusturica, M. P., Jevtic, M., Ristovski, J. T., 2022. Minimizing the environmental impact of unused pharmaceuticals: review focused on prevention. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1077974.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2022.1077974"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.3390\/en15062152","article-title":"A review of the status of fossil and renewable energies in Southeast Asia and its implications on the decarbonization of ASEAN","volume":"15","author":"Lau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0275","article-title":"Biotech and Pharma\u2019s Carbon Impact: Insights From My Green Lab [Online]","author":"MacDonald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technology Networks."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0280","article-title":"Good Regulatory Practice (GRP) [Online]","author":"Malaysia Productivity Corporation","year":"2024","journal-title":"Malaysia Productivity Corporation."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0285","unstructured":"ASEAN Member States, 2000. ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. ASEAN Member States. Accessed from https:\/\/asean.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/ASEANAgreementonTransboundaryHazePollution-1.pdf (access September 2, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0290","unstructured":"ASEAN Member States, 2023. ASEAN Pharmaceutical Regulatory Framework Agreement. ASEAN Member States. Accessed from https:\/\/www.fda.gov.ph\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/ASEAN-PHARMACEUTICAL-REGULATORY-FRAMEWORK-AGREEMENT.pdf (access September 2, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0295","unstructured":"Michigan Department of Environment, 2022. Universal Waste Guidance. Michigan Department of Environment. Accessed from https:\/\/www.michigan.gov\/-\/media\/Project\/Websites\/egle\/Documents\/Programs\/MMD\/Universal-Waste.pdf?rev=f556316cceb4438883938e93ab631af4 (access December 20, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1021\/acsmedchemlett.8b00438","article-title":"Drivers of orphan drug development","volume":"9","author":"Mingorance","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0305","unstructured":"Minister of Construction, 2007. Decree No. 59\/2007\/ND-CP on Solid Waste Management [Online]. Minister of Construction. Available: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/vie72745.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0310","unstructured":"Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand, 2008. Waste Minimization Act 2008 [Online]. Ministry for the Environment, New Zealand. Available: https:\/\/www.legislation.govt.nz\/act\/public\/2008\/0089\/latest\/DLM999802.html?src=qs [Accessed October 6, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0315","unstructured":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, 2012. National technical regulation on solid health care waste incinerator (QCVN 02:2012\/BTNMT). Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Accessed from https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/vie206254.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0320","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, Cambodia, 1996. Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management 1996. Open Development Cambodia. Accessed from https:\/\/data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net\/laws_record\/law-on-environment-protection-and-management-of-natural-resources (access July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0325","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, Cambodia, 2009. Sub Decree on Solid Waste Management [Online]. Royal Government of Cambodia. Available: https:\/\/data.opendevelopmentcambodia.net\/laws_record\/sub-decree-no-36-on-solid-waste-management_april_27_1999_eng-pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0330","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, Cambodia, 2015. Prakas on the Launch of Standards of the Quantity of Toxins or Hazardous Substances Allowed to be Disposed. Ministry of Environment, Cambodia. Accessed from https:\/\/www.ajne.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resource\/guides\/7202\/prakas-387-on-standards-for-hazardous-waste.pdf (access July 9, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0335","unstructured":"Ministry of Environment, 2023. Code on Environment and Natural Resources [Online]. Ministry of Environment, Cambodia. Available: https:\/\/www.moe.gov.kh\/index\/50787 [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0340","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Lao PDR, 2019. Environmental Management Framework. World Bank. Accessed from https:\/\/documents1.worldbank.org\/curated\/ru\/259081578043629033\/pdf\/Environmental-Management-Framework.pdf (access September 21, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0345","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, 1957. Poisons Act. Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam. Accessed from https:\/\/www.moh.gov.bn\/SiteCollectionDocuments\/PDF\/poisonacts.pdf (accessed August 4, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0350","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Cambodia, 2011. Technical Guidelines on Healthcare Waste Management [Online]. Ministry of Health, Cambodia. Available: https:\/\/niph.org.kh\/niph\/uploads\/library\/pdf\/GL012_HCW_Guideline_Eng.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0355","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Cambodia, 2017. National Guidelines for Infection Prevention and Control for Healthcare Facilities 2017 [Online]. Ministry of Health, Cambodia. Available: https:\/\/www.niph.org.kh\/niph\/uploads\/library\/pdf\/GL058_HSD_IPC_National_Guidelines_2017_en.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0360","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, 2019. Guideline on Healthcare Waste Management [Online]. Ministry of Health, Brunei Darussalam. Available: https:\/\/www.moh.gov.bn\/Downloadables\/Guideline%20on%20Health%20Care%20Waste%20Management.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0365","unstructured":"Ministry of Industry, 2016. Prevention of Hazard from Chemical and Related Substances Rules (Notification No. 85\/ 2015-2016) [Online]. Ministry of Industry, The Republic of the Union of Myanmar. Available: https:\/\/www.ajcsd.org\/chrip_search\/dt\/pdf\/Useful_materials\/Myanmar\/Prevention_of_Hazard_from_Chemical_and_Related_Substances_Rules.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.2c00446","article-title":"GREENER pharmaceuticals for more sustainable healthcare","volume":"9","author":"Moermond","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0375","unstructured":"MONRE, Lao PDR, 2015. Ministerial Instructions on Hazardous Waste Management (No. 0744\/MONRE) [Online]. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Available: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/lao162898.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0380","unstructured":"MONRE, Vietnam, 2009. National strategy for integrated management of solid waste up to 2025, with a vision to 2050 (Decision No. 2149\/QD-TTg). Minister of Construction and the Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, Socialist Republic of Vietnam (ed.) Decision No. 2149\/QD-TTg. Accessed from https:\/\/asemconnectvietnam.gov.vn\/default.aspx?ZID1=14&ID8=14639&ID1=2 (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0385","unstructured":"MONRE, Vietnam, 2015a. Circular No. 36\/2015\/TT-BTNMT on management of hazardous wastes. Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Accessed from https:\/\/vepg.vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/36_2015_TT-BTNMT_EN.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0390","unstructured":"MONRE, Vietnam, 2015b. Decree on waste and scrap management 2015. Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Accessed from https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/vie168524.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0395","unstructured":"MONRE, Vietnam, 2015c. Joint Circular Stipulating Regulations on Biomedical Waste Management (No. 58\/2015\/TTLTBYT-BTNMT). Ministry of Health and Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Accessed from https:\/\/lawnet.vn\/en\/vb\/joint-Circular-58-2015-TTLT-BYT-BTNMT-regulations-on-biomedical-waste-management-2016-4BD71.html (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0400","unstructured":"MONRE, Vietnam, 2015d. Prescribing environmental protection master plan, strategic environmental assessment, environmental impact assessment and environmental protection plan (Decree No. 18\/2015\/ND-CP). Minister of Natural Resources and Environment, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Accessed from https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/vie168510.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0405","unstructured":"National Archives, 2024. Environmental Protection Act 1990. In: ARCHIVES, T. N. (ed.). The National Archives. Accessed from https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/ukpga\/1990\/43\/contents (access September 7, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0410","unstructured":"National Assembly, Lao PDR, 1998. Law on Agriculture 1998 (No. 01-98\/NA). acessed from https:\/\/data.opendevelopmentmekong.net\/dataset\/ (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0415","unstructured":"National Assembly, Lao PDR, 2012. Environmental Protection Law (Revised Version No. 29\/NA) [Online]. National Assembly, Lao PDR. Available: https:\/\/data.laos.opendevelopmentmekong.net\/dataset\/law-on-agriculture [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0420","unstructured":"National Assembly, Lao PDR, 2016. Law on Chemicals Management (No. 07\/NA). No. 07\/NA. National Assembly, Lao PDR. https:\/\/data.opendevelopmentmekong.net\/dataset\/ (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0425","unstructured":"National Assembly, Thailand, 1992. Hazardous Substance Act 1992 (B.E. 2535). National Assembly, Thailand. Accessed from https:\/\/www.diw.go.th\/webdiw\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/law-haz-29032535-eng.pdf (access October 11, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0430","unstructured":"National Assembly, 2020. Law on Environmental Protection (No. 72\/2020\/QH14) [Online]. Hanoi: The National Assembly, Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Available: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/vie212027.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0435","article-title":"Environmental Quality Act 1974 [Act 127] [Online]","author":"Negara","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dewan Negara and Dewan Rakyat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.T., Hong, H.H., Duong, P.A.T., Nguyen, T.T., 2020. Solid Waste Management in Vietnam: State and Institutional Framework and Challenges. In: Sustainable Waste Management Challenges in Developing Countries (Agamuthu Pariatamby, Fauziah Shahul Hamid, Mehran Sanam Bhatti (ed.)). IGI Global. DOI:10.4018\/978-1-7998-0198-6.ch019.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-0198-6.ch019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0445","unstructured":"NPRA, 2001. ASEAN Harmonisation Efforts for Pharmaceuticals. National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA). Accessed from https:\/\/npra.gov.my\/images\/Publications\/Newsletter_Berita_Ubat-ubatan\/2001\/BUU2001Apr.pdf (access September 7, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0450","unstructured":"OECD, 2020. Pharmaceutical Residues in Freshwater: Hazards and Policy Responses, IWA Publishing. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation Development. Accessed from https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/pharmaceutical-residues-in-freshwater_c936f42d-en.html (access September 18, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0455","unstructured":"O'Neill, A., 2024. Gross domestic product (GDP) of the ASEAN countries from 2019 to 2029(in billion U.S. dollars) [Online]. Statista. Available: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/796245\/gdp-of-the-asean-countries\/ [Accessed September 22, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0460","article-title":"Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC): a manual","volume":"ISBN","author":"\u00d6zcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Academic Press."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0465","article-title":"Hazardous Waste (Regulation of Exports and Imports) Amendment Bill 2021 [Online]","author":"Parliament of Australia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Parliament of Australia."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0470","unstructured":"PharmaSwap, 2024. What is PharmaSwap? [Online]. PharmaSwap. Available: https:\/\/www.pharmaswap.com\/what-is-pharmaswap.html [Accessed December 21, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8458","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19148458","article-title":"Challenges and priorities of municipal solid waste management in Cambodia","volume":"19","author":"Pheakdey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0480","unstructured":"President of Republic of Indonesia, 1994. Regulation regarding Hazardous and toxic waste management (No. 19 of 1994). The Verification Research, Training and Information Centre."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0485","unstructured":"President of Republic of Indonesia, 2009. Environmental Protection and Management (Law no. 32\/ 2009) [Online]. President of Republic of Indonesia. Available: https:\/\/faolex.fao.org\/docs\/pdf\/ins97643.pdf [Accessed September 30, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0490","unstructured":"PRISMA. 2020. PRISMA 2020 Checklist [Online]. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. Available: https:\/\/www.prisma-statement.org\/prisma-2020-checklist [Accessed December 19, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1525\/elementa.252","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are ecological disrupting compounds (EcoDC)","volume":"5","author":"Richmond","year":"2017","journal-title":"Elem Sci Anth"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0500","article-title":"Volume of waste disposed in Singapore from 2013 to 2022(in million tons) [Online]","author":"Romero","year":"2023","journal-title":"Statista."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.05.052","article-title":"Pharmaceutical waste management system\u2013Are the current techniques sustainable, eco-friendly and circular? A review","volume":"168","author":"Sapkota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0515","article-title":"Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal [Online]","author":"Secretariat of the Basel Convention","year":"2014","journal-title":"United Nations Environment Programme."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0520","unstructured":"Secretariat of the Basel Convention, 2024. Parties to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal [Online]. Switzerland: Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Available: https:\/\/www.basel.int\/Countries\/StatusofRatifications\/PartiesSignatories\/tabid\/4499\/Default.aspx [Accessed September 26, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0525","unstructured":"Secretariat of the Rotterdam Convention, 2024. Rotterdam Convention on the prior informed consent procedure for certain hazardous chemicals and pesticides in international trade: Status of ratifications [Online]. Switzerland: Secretariat of the Rotterdam Convention. Available: https:\/\/www.pic.int\/Countries\/Statusofratification\/PartiesandSignatories\/tabid\/1072\/language\/en-US\/Default.aspx [Accessed September 26, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0530","unstructured":"Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention, 2020. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Text and Annexes. Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Accessed from https:\/\/www.pops.int\/TheConvention\/Overview\/TextoftheConvention\/tabid\/2232\/Default.aspx (access September 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0535","unstructured":"Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention, 2024. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) [Online]. Switzerland: Secretariat of the Stockholm Convention. Available: https:\/\/chm.pops.int\/Countries\/StatusofRatifications\/PartiesandSignatoires\/tabid\/4500\/Default.aspx [Accessed September 26, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0540","unstructured":"Rotterdam Convention Secretariat, 2005. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade: Text and Annexes. Rotterdam Convention Secretariat, United Nations Environment Programme. Accessed from https:\/\/openknowledge.fao.org\/handle\/20.500.14283\/y5877e (access September 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0545","unstructured":"Secretary of State for the Environment, 2024. The Environmental Protection (Duty of Care) Regulations 1991. The National Archives. Accessed from https:\/\/www.legislation.gov.uk\/uksi\/1991\/2839\/made (access September 7, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0550","article-title":"Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act 1990 [Online]","author":"Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines","year":"1990","journal-title":"Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shams, S., Juani, R. & Guo, Z., 2014. Integrated and sustainable solid waste management for Brunei Darussalam. 5th Brunei international conference on engineering and technology (BICET 2014), IET, 1-6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1049\/cp.2014.1066.","DOI":"10.1049\/cp.2014.1066"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0560","article-title":"Volume of managed waste in Indonesia from 2014 until 2021(in million metric tons) [Online]","author":"Siahaan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Statista."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0565","unstructured":"Slatter, J., 2005. The European Union\u2019s Legislative Framework for Hazardous Waste Management. National Environmental Law Review, 55-59. accessed from https:\/\/www.austlii.edu.au\/au\/journals\/NatEnvLawRw\/2005\/18.pdf (access September 8, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0570","series-title":"Health Care Waste Management and COVID 19 Pandemic: Policy","article-title":"Overview of Infectious Healthcare Waste Management in Thailand in Pre-and During COVID-19 Context","author":"Srikanth","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0575","article-title":"Number of pharmaceutical companies in Southeast Asia in 2020, by selected country [Online]","author":"Statista Research Department","year":"2024","journal-title":"Statista Research Department."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85160-2.00009-3","article-title":"Pharmaceutical and personal care products in the environment: occurrence and impact on the functioning of the ecosystem","author":"Sungur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Contaminants Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/JHTRBP.HZENG-1330","article-title":"Cephalosporin Containment Management Strategies from Drug Manufacturing to Control Antibiotic Resistance in South Asia","volume":"29","author":"Ullah","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard., Toxic, Radioactive Waste"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0590","unstructured":"UNEP, 1987. Cairo Guidelines and Principles for the Environmentally Sound Management of Hazardous Wastes. United Nations Environment Programme. accessed from https:\/\/digitallibrary.un.org\/record\/42520?v=pdf (access September 5, 2024)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0595","article-title":"The 17 Goals [Online]","author":"United Nations","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Nations."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0600","unstructured":"USEPA, 2019. Manifesting Non-Creditable Hazardous Waste Pharmaceuticals -New Four Character Code [Online]. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C.. Available: https:\/\/rcrapublic.epa.gov\/files\/14919.pdf [Accessed April 2, 2023 2023]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0605","first-page":"267","article-title":"The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and Their Disposal: Should the United States Ratify the Accord","volume":"6","author":"Valin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Ind. Int'l & Comp. l. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woolridge, A. & Hoboy, S. 2019. Medical waste. In: Trevor M. Letcher, Daniel A. Vallero (ed.) Waste - A Handbook for Management. Second ed.: Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-815060-3.00027-X"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0615","series-title":"Guidelines for safe disposal of unwanted pharmaceuticals in and after emergencies","author":"World Health Organization","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0620","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2024. Guidance on wastewater and solid waste management for manufacturing of antibiotics [Online]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. Available: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789240097254 [Accessed December 19, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0625","unstructured":"Worldometer, 2024a. Countries in the world by population (2024) [Online]. Worldometer. Available: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/world-population\/population-by-country\/ [Accessed September 22, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0630","unstructured":"Worldometer, 2024b. GDP by Country [Online]. Worldometer. Available: https:\/\/www.worldometers.info\/gdp\/gdp-by-country\/ [Accessed September 22, 2024]."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0635","article-title":"The secret under a Chinese pig farm [Online]","author":"Xianfeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialogue Earth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yagasa, R., Uch, R., Sam, P., 2020. Solid Waste Management in Cambodia. In: Agamuthu Pariatamby, Fauziah Shahul Hamid, Mehran Sanam Bhatti (ed.) Sustainable Waste Management Challenges in Developing Countries. IGI Global.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-7998-0198-6.ch003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-023-00188-5","article-title":"Measuring circularity potential for medical waste management\u2013a dynamic circularity performance analysis","volume":"33","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039_b0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, S.-J., 2020. South Korea\u2019s experience with smart infrastructure services: Integrated solid waste management.","DOI":"10.18235\/0002672"}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X25000479?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X25000479?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,20]],"date-time":"2025-02-20T19:54:32Z","timestamp":1740081272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X25000479"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":128,"alternative-id":["S0956053X25000479"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pharmaceutical waste management legislations: Where do ASEAN countries stand in harmonization? A review of regulatory documents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.01.039","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}