{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T20:06:05Z","timestamp":1792008365768,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007636","name":"German Federal Environmental Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["36064\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["36064\/01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007636","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,3]],"date-time":"2025-03-03T07:47:01Z","timestamp":1740988021000},"page":"117-127","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Treatment of fine and medium fractions of MSWI bottom ash for use in concrete: A German case study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"198","author":[{"given":"Iveta","family":"Vateva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel","family":"Laabs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Middendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Laner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.05.029","article-title":"A two-stage treatment for Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) bottom ash to remove agglomerated fine particles and leachable contaminants","volume":"N.Y.) 67","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105356","article-title":"Effective and sustainable use of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in concrete regarding strength and durability","volume":"167","author":"Alderete","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2014.05.003","article-title":"Quantification of the resource recovery potential of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ashes","volume":"N.Y.) 34","author":"Allegrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135855","article-title":"A sustainable treatment method to use municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash as cement replacement","volume":"423","author":"Alnezami","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2004.02.001","article-title":"MSWI ashes as mineral additions in concrete","volume":"34","author":"Bertolini","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2013.01.037","article-title":"Aluminium recovery vs. hydrogen production as resource recovery options for fine MSWI bottom ash fraction","volume":"N.Y.) 33","author":"Biganzoli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0040","series-title":"Study on the EU's list of critical raw materials (2020): Final report","first-page":"1153","author":"Blengini","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.120443","article-title":"Characterization of lightweight aerated mortars using waste-to-energy bottom ash (WtE-BA) as aerating agent","volume":"356","author":"Brossat","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(01)01403-9","article-title":"Application of a sequential extraction procedure to study the release of elements from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","volume":"451","author":"Bruder-Hubscher","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0055","first-page":"128","volume":"N.Y.) 176","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Characterization and Mechanical Removal of Metallic Aluminum (al) Embedded in Weathered Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash for Application as Supplementary Cementitious Material. Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0060","article-title":"Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Ashes as Construction Materials-A Review","volume":"13","author":"Cho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Materials (basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0065","unstructured":"CROW-CUR 128, 2021. CROW-CUR Empfehlung 128:2021: F\u00fcllstoff aus der abfallverbrennung in unbewehrtem erdfeuchtem Beton, 52pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0070","unstructured":"CUR 116, 2017. CUR-Empfehlung 116:2017: AEC-Granulat als Gesteinsk\u00f6rnung f\u00fcr Beton, 30pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0075","unstructured":"Destatis, 2018. Abfallentsorgung: Deutschland, Jahre, Anlagenart."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0080","unstructured":"DIN 19529, 2015. Elution von Feststoffen - Sch\u00fcttelverfahren zur Untersuchung des Elutionsverhaltens von anorganischen und organischen Stoffen mit einem Wasser\/Feststoff-Verh\u00e4ltnis von 2 l\/kg, Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung, e.V., Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 27 pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0085","unstructured":"DIN EN 12390-9, 2002. Pr\u00fcfung von Festbeton. Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung e.V., Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 25pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0090","unstructured":"DIN EN 1338, 2003. Pflastersteine aus Beton: Anforderungen und Pr\u00fcfverfahren, Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung e.V., Beuth Verlag GmbH, 66pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0095","unstructured":"DIN EN 197-1, 2011. Zement - Teil 1: Zusammensetzung, Anforderungen und Konformit\u00e4tskriterien von Normalzement, Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung e.V., Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 42pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0100","unstructured":"DIN EN 206-1, 2013. Beton - Festlegung, Eigenschaften, Herstellung und Konformit\u00e4t; Concrete - specification, performance, production and conformity, Deutsches Institut f\u00fcr Normung, e.V., Beuth Verlag GmbH, Berlin, 101 pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2005.11.003","article-title":"The leaching of major and trace elements from MSWI bottom ash as a function of pH and time","volume":"21","author":"Dijkstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0110","unstructured":"ErsatzbaustoffV, 2023. Verordnung der Bundesregierung zur Einf\u00fchrung einer Ersatzbaustoffverordnung, zur Neufassung der Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung und zur \u00c4nderung der Deponieverordnung und der Gewerbeabfallverordnung, Stand: 11.06.2021: ErsatzbaustoffV 2023, 340pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0115","series-title":"Sampling of heterogeneous and dynamic material systems: Theories of heterogeneity, sampling, and homogenizing","author":"Gy","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0120","unstructured":"HLSV, 2009. Frost-Tausalzbest\u00e4ndigkeit von Stra\u00dfenbauerzeugnissen aus Beton im Stra\u00dfenbau, 3pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.09.004","article-title":"Innovative treatment trains of bottom ash (BA) from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) in Germany","volume":"N.Y.) 59","author":"Holm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0130","first-page":"61","article-title":"Modelling of material recovery from waste incineration bottom ash. Waste management (New York","volume":"105","author":"Huber","year":"2020","journal-title":"N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.06.047","article-title":"Chemical composition and leachability of differently sized material fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","volume":"N.Y.) 95","author":"Huber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0140","unstructured":"IGAM, 2024. Personal communication regarding art of the IBA treatment plants in Germany."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0145","unstructured":"ITAD, 2021. Jahresbericht 2021, 31pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0150","author":"Itad"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.3390\/su14084679","article-title":"Properties of Concrete with Recycled Aggregates Giving a Second Life to Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash Concrete","volume":"14","author":"Joseph","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0160","article-title":"The Use of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Ash in Various Building Materials: A Belgian Point of View","volume":"11","author":"Joseph","year":"2018","journal-title":"Materials (basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2005.10.016","article-title":"Utilization of municipal solid waste bottom ash and recycled aggregate in concrete","volume":"N.Y.) 26","author":"Juric","year":"2006","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0170","first-page":"83","article-title":"High performance of treated and washed MSWI bottom ash granulates as natural aggregate replacement within earth-moist concrete. Waste management (New York","volume":"49","author":"Keulen","year":"2016","journal-title":"N.Y.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/0734242X05057748","article-title":"Utilization of bottom ash from the incineration of separated wastes as a cement substitute","volume":"23","author":"Kokalj","year":"2005","journal-title":"Waste Management & Research : the Journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1617\/s11527-018-1269-x","article-title":"Reactivity tests for supplementary cementitious materials: RILEM TC 267-TRM phase 1","volume":"51","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater Struct"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2012.03.038","article-title":"Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash in blended cement","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2020.105354","article-title":"Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash fines: Transformation into a minor additional constituent for cements","volume":"166","author":"Loginova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0200","article-title":"Mechanical performance and microstructural properties of cement mortars containing MSWI BA as a minor additional constituent","volume":"18","author":"Loginova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.10.022","article-title":"Detailed characterization of particle size fractions of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash","volume":"207","author":"Loginova","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2016.09.132","article-title":"Municipal incinerated bottom ash characteristics and potential for use as aggregate in concrete","volume":"127","author":"Lynn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.107139","article-title":"Processing municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash for integration into cement product manufacture","volume":"198","author":"Magnuson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.3390\/min9050290","article-title":"Laboratory Scale Investigations on Heap (Bio)leaching of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Bottom Ash","volume":"9","author":"M\u00e4kinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.118443","article-title":"Municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash as alkali-activated cement precursor depending on particle size","volume":"242","author":"Maldonado-Alameda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.282","article-title":"Upgraded Mineral Sand Fraction from MSWI Bottom Ash: An Alternative Solution for the Substitution of Natural Aggregates in Concrete Applications","volume":"180","author":"Minane","year":"2017","journal-title":"Procedia Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconres.2006.03.023","article-title":"The microstructure of concrete made with municipal waste incinerator bottom ash as an aggregate component","volume":"36","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0240","series-title":"Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for Waste Incineration","author":"Neuwahl","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mineng.2023.108353","article-title":"Closed-loop process for Zn and Cu selective recovery from MSWI bottom ash fine fraction","volume":"203","author":"Perrin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Miner. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2015.07.185","article-title":"Pre-treatment of municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash for utilisation in cement mortar","volume":"96","author":"Saikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2010.10.003","article-title":"Use of municipal solid waste ash in concrete","volume":"55","author":"Siddique","year":"2010","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0260","unstructured":"Simon, F.G., Holm, O., Kalbe, U., 2019. Antimon in Rostaschen aus der M\u00fcllverbrennung - Auslaugverhalten und R\u00fcckschl\u00fcsse f\u00fcr die Aufbereitung, 19pp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13228","DOI":"10.3390\/app132413228","article-title":"Assessment of the Long-Term Leaching Behavior of Incineration Bottom Ash: A Study of Two Waste Incinerators in Germany","volume":"13","author":"Simon","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0270","article-title":"Sustainable use of different size fractions of municipal solid waste incinerator bottom ash and recycled fine aggregates in cement mortar","volume":"17","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Case Stud. Constr. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2010.04.019","article-title":"Recovery of MSWI and soil washing residues as concrete aggregates","volume":"N.Y.) 31","author":"Sorlini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2024.135769","article-title":"Characterization, pre-treatment, and potential applications of fine MSWI bottom ash as a supplementary cementitious material","volume":"421","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122433","article-title":"Metal recovery from incineration bottom ash: State-of-the-art and recent developments","volume":"393","author":"\u0160yc","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2024.10.020","article-title":"Resource recovery potential of incineration bottom ash fine fraction","volume":"N.Y.) 190","author":"\u0160yc","year":"2024","journal-title":"Waste Management (new York"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cemconcomp.2016.03.015","article-title":"Application of thermally activated municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash fines as binder substitute","volume":"70","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cem. Concr. Compos."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0300","series-title":"Abfallverbrennungsanlagen: Deutschland (Waste incineration plants: Germany)","author":"Thom\u00e9-Kozmiensky","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0305","unstructured":"8. Umwelt-Produktdeklaration: Beton der Druckfestigkeitsklasse C 25\/30, 11pp. https:\/\/www.beton.org\/fileadmin\/beton-org\/media\/Dokumente\/PDF\/Wissen\/Beton-Bautechnik\/Nachhaltigkeit\/Beton_der_Druckfestigkeitsklasse_C_2025.pdf (accessed 13 December 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3390\/resources9060066","article-title":"Grain-Size Specific Characterisation and Resource Potentials of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Bottom Ash: A German Case Study","volume":"9","author":"Vateva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Resources"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s40069-014-0073-4","article-title":"Optimal Use of MSWI Bottom Ash in Concrete","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Concr. Struct. Mater."}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X25001254?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X25001254?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T09:29:21Z","timestamp":1741771761000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X25001254"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S0956053X25001254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Treatment of fine and medium fractions of MSWI bottom ash for use in concrete: A German case study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2025.02.050","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}