{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T08:05:26Z","timestamp":1787731526753,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002855","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFE0104900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFE0104900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002855","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101081776"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101081776"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GRC ED431C 2025\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GRC ED431C 2025\/19"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ED431G 2023\/12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ED431G 2023\/12"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007352","name":"Staatssekretariat f\u00fcr Bildung, Forschung und Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014013","name":"UK Research and Innovation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004152","name":"Spine Education and Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004152","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:23:36Z","timestamp":1777569816000},"page":"115558","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pathway development for brewer\u2019s spent grain valorization using multi-objective optimization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"219","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Penedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4494-6946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeppe","family":"Yndgaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Van der Hauwaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8766-8908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Mauricio-Iglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8310-6094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Almudena","family":"Hospido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2172-2921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Errico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0005","unstructured":"Agrain, 2025. Agrain Products [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/agrainproducts.com\/?srsltid=AfmBOooXp5yHbYHFb_s5A8YGxPy4Y-YcSgyBGmxwUSlEok4xpIUW6YvQ (accessed 7.17.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.133493","article-title":"Valorization of brewer\u2019s spent grain by consecutive supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and enzymatic hydrolysis","volume":"396","author":"Alonso-Ria\u00f1o","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70150","article-title":"Brewer\u2019s spent grain: Unveiling innovative applications in the food and packaging industry","volume":"24","author":"Aradwad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.3390\/pr12102298","article-title":"Conceptual Design and Economic Optimization of Different Valorization Routes for Orange Peel Waste: the Application of the Biorefinery Concept for an Integral use of Raw Material","volume":"12","author":"Arango-Manrique","year":"2024","journal-title":"Processes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15040771","article-title":"Environmental Sustainability of Brewers\u2019 Spent grains Composting: effect of Turning strategies and Mixtures Composition on Greenhouse Gas Emissions","volume":"15","author":"Assandri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-00546-0","article-title":"Biogas Production from Organic Waste: recent Progress and Perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Atelge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0035","unstructured":"BioGrain, 2025. Spent grain as animal feed [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/biograin.dk\/en\/biograin-feed (accessed 7.27.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.12110","article-title":"Anaerobic digestion of thermal pretreated brewers\u2019 spent grains","volume":"34","author":"Bochmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Prog. Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bolwig, S., Mark, M.S., Happel, M.K., Brekke, A., 2019. Beyond animal feed? The valorisation of brewers\u2019 spent grain, in: Klitkou, A., Fevolden, A.M., Capasso, M. (Eds.), From Waste to Value: Valorisation Pathways for Organic Waste Streams in Circular Bioeconomies. Taylor & Francis, London. Doi: 10.4324\/9780429460289-6.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780429460289-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.1772","article-title":"Environmental assessment of bio\u2010based chemicals in early\u2010stage development: a review of methods and indicators","volume":"11","author":"Broeren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.131802","article-title":"Ultrasonic pretreatment of brewers\u2019 spent grains for anaerobic digestion: Biogas production for a sustainable industrial development","volume":"355","author":"Buller","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0060","unstructured":"Business Analytiq, 2025. Ethanol price index [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/businessanalytiq.com\/procurementanalytics\/index\/ethanol-price-index\/ (accessed 7.10.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.105904","article-title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of early-stage technological layouts for brewers\u2019 spent grain upcycling: a sustainable approach for adding value to waste","volume":"66","author":"da Fonseca","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0065","article-title":"An investigation into modelling approaches for industrial symbiosis: a literature review and research agenda","volume":"3","author":"Demartini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cleaner Logist. Supply Chain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0070","unstructured":"Duynie, 2025. Brewers Spent Grain Protein [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.duynie.com\/en\/petfood\/products\/brewers-spent-grain-protein-p\/ (accessed 7.27.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29561","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04813-6","article-title":"Enhanced anaerobic digestion of brewers\u2019 spent grain: effect of inoculum, poultry manure application and iron (iii) chloride supplementation on biogas production and its kinetics","volume":"14","author":"Edunjobi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. Biorefin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123986","article-title":"An integer superstructure model to find a sustainable biorefinery platform for valorizing household waste to bioenergy, microbial protein, and biochemicals","volume":"278","author":"Elyasi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0085","first-page":"3","article-title":"Directive 2008\/98\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives","volume":"312","author":"European Parliament and Council","year":"2008","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union, L"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2020.124399","article-title":"Bridging the gap to hydrochar production and its application into frameworks of bioenergy, environmental and biocatalysis areas","volume":"320","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Sanrom\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s13068-019-1383-1","article-title":"Butanol production from laccase-pretreated brewer\u2019s spent grain","volume":"12","author":"Giacobbe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biofuels"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129874","article-title":"Impact of the use of pressurized liquids on the extraction and functionality of proteins and bioactives from brewer\u2019s spent grain","volume":"359","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6410","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.1c01284","article-title":"Multilayer Approach for Product Portfolio Optimization: Waste to Added-Value Products","volume":"9","author":"Guerras","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2021.07.020","article-title":"Pressurized liquid extraction of brewer\u2019s spent grain: Kinetics and crude extracts characterization","volume":"102","author":"Herbst","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0120","unstructured":"Ingredients Network, 2023. Danish upcycling startup to expand high-protein, high-fibre flours [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.ingredientsnetwork.com\/danish-upcycling-startup-to-expand-high-protein-news122564.html#:\u223c:text=Danish%20startup%20Circular%20Food%20Technology,%E2%80%93%20as%20a%20by%2Dproduct. (accessed 7.10.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0125","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2021. Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.174481","article-title":"Residual biomasses at scale: Ensuring future bioeconomy uses outperform current baseline","volume":"949","author":"Javourez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7267","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.5c02101","article-title":"Experimental, Technoeconomic, and Life-Cycle Evaluation of One-Pot Biomass Pretreatment for Ethanol Production","volume":"13","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenkel, P., Wassermann, T., Rose, C., Zondervan, E., 2021. OUTDOOR \u2013 An open-source superstructure construction and optimization tool. pp. 413\u2013418. Doi: 10.1016\/B978-0-323-88506-5.50065-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-88506-5.50065-6"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kletscher, H.N., Venner, J., Jiang, X., Rosentrater, K.A., 2014. Economic and environmental analysis of extrusion processing of grains into foods and feeds. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, Montreal, p. 1.","DOI":"10.13031\/aim.20141904805"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1002\/bbb.2540","article-title":"Superstructure optimization of a microalgal biorefinery design with life cycle assessment\u2010based and economic objectives","volume":"17","author":"Kopton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575","DOI":"10.3390\/en8042575","article-title":"Second Generation Ethanol Production from Brewers\u2019 Spent Grain","volume":"8","author":"Liguori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Energies (basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ces.2023.119620","article-title":"Valorizing brewer\u2019s spent grain: a sequential pathway of supercritical extraction, hydrolysis, and fermentation","volume":"285","author":"Lisci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0165","first-page":"259","article-title":"Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain: its Value as Renewable Biomass and its possible applications","volume":"92","author":"Lisci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10570-022-04912-z","article-title":"Emulsifying properties of arabinoxylans derived from brewers\u2019 spent grain by ultrasound-assisted extraction: structural and functional properties correlation","volume":"30","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cellul."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2025.136184","article-title":"Electrification and decarbonization in global brewing industry driven by industrial heat pumps","volume":"325","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.03.032","article-title":"Microwave assisted hydrothermal as greener pretreatment of brewer\u2019s spent grains for biobutanol production","volume":"368","author":"L\u00f3pez-Linares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18982","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c06853","article-title":"Sustainable production of Solid Biofuels and Biomaterials by Microwave-Assisted, Hydrothermal Carbonization (MA-HTC) of Brewers\u2019 Spent Grain (BSG)","volume":"8","author":"Lorente","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4393","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-021-02570-8","article-title":"Extraction and characterisation of arabinoxylan from brewers spent grain and investigation of microbiome modulation potential","volume":"60","author":"Lynch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-011-5703-y","article-title":"A novel application of microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenols from brewer\u2019s spent grain with HPLC-DAD-MS analysis","volume":"403","author":"Moreira","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2014.07.052","article-title":"Towards supply chain sustainability: economic, environmental and social design and planning","volume":"105","author":"Mota","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0205","first-page":"1","article-title":"Techno-economic assessment for bio coal production from brewers spent grain","volume":"40","author":"Mugoronji","year":"2022","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520600614488","article-title":"A Technical, Economic and Environmental Comparison of Composting and Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Municipal Waste","volume":"41","author":"Murphy","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2453","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.2276","article-title":"Acid hydrolysis and fermentation of brewer\u2019s spent grain to produce xylitol","volume":"85","author":"Mussatto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.00236","article-title":"Brightway: an open source framework for Life Cycle Assessment","volume":"2","author":"Mutel","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Open Source Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2024.104685","article-title":"Brewers\u2019 spent grain as a food ingredient: Techno-processing properties, nutrition, acceptability, and market","volume":"152","author":"Naibaho","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5525","DOI":"10.3390\/app15105525","article-title":"Carbon Footprint Assessment on the Viability of Utilizing Brewer\u2019s Spent Grain to produce Biochar","volume":"15","author":"Newman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0235","unstructured":"Penedo, A., 2025. BSG Case Study - GitHub Repository [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/github.com\/andreapenedo\/BSG_Case_study (accessed 8.20.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.06.164","article-title":"From laboratory to industrial scale: a scale-up framework for chemical processes in life cycle assessment studies","volume":"135","author":"Piccinno","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbt.2019.06.005","article-title":"Intensifying ethanol production from brewer\u2019s spent grain waste: use of whole slurry at high solid loadings","volume":"53","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.07.139","article-title":"Biobutanol production from brewer\u2019s spent grain hydrolysates by Clostridium beijerinckii","volume":"244","author":"Plaza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-021-00900-4","article-title":"Recent advances in biotechnological valorization of brewers\u2019 spent grain","volume":"30","author":"Puligundla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2018.09.017","article-title":"Evaluation of different pretreatment strategies for protein extraction from brewer\u2019s spent grains","volume":"125","author":"Qin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2010.01.019","article-title":"Profiling brewers\u2019 spent grain for composition and microbial ecology at the site of production","volume":"43","author":"Robertson","year":"2010","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.122367","article-title":"Improved ethanol production from the slurry of pretreated brewers\u2019 spent grain through different co-fermentation strategies","volume":"296","author":"Rojas-Chamorro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2025.119709","article-title":"Novel methodology for conceptual biorefinery design based on a three-level characterisation of organic streams","volume":"13","author":"Rovira-Cal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2004.05.014","article-title":"Application of spent grains to increase porosity in bricks","volume":"19","author":"Russ","year":"2005","journal-title":"Constr. Build. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6753","DOI":"10.3390\/su14116753","article-title":"Food Waste Diversion from Landfills: a Cost\u2013Benefit Analysis of existing Technological Solutions based on Greenhouse Gas Emissions","volume":"14","author":"Sanciolo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5027","DOI":"10.1039\/D5GC00184F","article-title":"Biochemicals to enable biorefining: a case study of polyphenol extraction from bio-oil for utilization as a biodiesel antioxidant","volume":"27","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2015.08.017","article-title":"Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of brewer\u2019s spent grain","volume":"107","author":"Spinelli","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.17221\/178\/2009-CJFS","article-title":"Optimisation of ultrasonic-assisted protein extraction from brewer\u2019s spent grain","volume":"28","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0305","unstructured":"Terra Compostaje Regenerativo, 2025. Tratamiento y valorizaci\u00f3n de residuos org\u00e1nicos [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/terracompostaje.com\/ (accessed 9.27.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0310","unstructured":"the Bruyn, S., Ahdour, S., Bijleveld, B., De Graaff, L., Schep, E., Schroten, A., Vergeer, R., 2017. Environmental Prices Handbook: Methods and numbers for valuation of environmental impacts."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2017.08.010","article-title":"Impact of HTC reaction conditions on the hydrochar properties and CO2 gasification properties of spent grains","volume":"167","author":"Ulbrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.142793","article-title":"Advancing biorefinery design through the integration of metabolic models","volume":"465","author":"Van der Hauwaert","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2025.127551","article-title":"Uncovering optimal biorefinery designs for agricultural waste: Insights from superstructure optimization under uncertainty","volume":"394","author":"Van der Hauwaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0330","article-title":"Designing Sustainable Biorefineries for Agricultural Waste: an Environmental-Economic Optimization of Tomato Pomace","author":"Van der Hauwaert","year":"2025","journal-title":"SSRN Electric Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.10.012","article-title":"Valuation of brewer\u2019s spent grain using a fully recyclable integrated process for extraction of proteins and arabinoxylans","volume":"52","author":"Vieira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ind. Crop. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0340","unstructured":"Weidema, B.P., 2003. Market information in life cycle assessment. K\u00f8benhavn, Denmark."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woods, D.R., 2007. Rules of thumb in engineering practice. John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527611119"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-012-9108-8","article-title":"Biotechnological potential of Brewers Spent Grain and its recent applications","volume":"3","author":"Xiros","year":"2012","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558_b0355","unstructured":"YCharts, 2025. European Union Natural Gas Import Price [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/ycharts.com\/indicators\/europe_natural_gas_price (accessed 7.10.25)."}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X2600228X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X2600228X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:56:31Z","timestamp":1783079791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X2600228X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S0956053X2600228X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathway development for brewer\u2019s spent grain valorization using multi-objective optimization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115558","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115558"}}