{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T08:29:15Z","timestamp":1785572955841,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004576","name":"Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004576","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:14:50Z","timestamp":1782789290000},"page":"115714","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Decoupling salinity and carbon function during hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobic digestate"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Itamar","family":"Kaffman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6761-7599","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Posmanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2012.06.001","article-title":"Agricultural use of digestate for horticultural crop production and improvement of soil properties","volume":"43","author":"Alburquerque","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15507","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c04229","article-title":"Fate of nitrogen, phosphate, and potassium during hydrothermal carbonization and the potential for nutrient recovery","volume":"8","author":"Alhnidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2017.09.104","article-title":"Integrating electrochemical, biological, physical, and thermochemical process units to expand the applicability of anaerobic digestion","volume":"247","author":"Angenent","year":"2018","journal-title":"In Bioresource Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201300412","article-title":"Biodegradation measurements confirm the predictive value of the O: C-ratio for biochar recalcitrance","volume":"177","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201300154","article-title":"Hydrochar amendment promotes microbial immobilization of mineral nitrogen","volume":"177","author":"Bargmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-020-01056-9","article-title":"A review of the biogas digestate in agricultural framework. In","volume":"22)5(","author":"Ba\u015ftabak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2019.02.121","article-title":"Novel approach of phosphate-reclamation as struvite from sewage sludge by utilising hydrothermal carbonization","volume":"238","author":"Becker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blagodatsky, S. A., Heinemeyer, O., Richter, J., Blagodatsky, S. A., Heinemeyer, O., & Richter, J. (2000). Estimating the active and total soil microbial biomass by kinetic respiration analysis. Biol Fertil Soils 32 (1), 73\u201381. Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/s003740000219"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5751\/ES-09595-220408","article-title":"Agriculture production as a major driver of the Earth system exceeding planetary boundaries","volume":"22","author":"Campbell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2017.07.009","article-title":"Characterization of the solid products from hydrothermal liquefaction of waste feedstocks from food and agricultural industries","volume":"133","author":"Cantero-Tubilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111722","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization and liquefaction for sustainable production of hydrochar and aromatics","volume":"152","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.09.009","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of biogas digestate: Effect of digestate origin and process conditions","volume":"100","author":"Cao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117994","article-title":"Co-hydrothermal carbonization of pine residual sawdust and non-dewatered sewage sludge \u2013 effect of reaction conditions on hydrochar characteristics","volume":"340","author":"Cavali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"UTC","DOI":"10.1021\/ac50011a034","article-title":"Spectrophotometric and Kinetics Investigation of the Berthelot Reaction for the Determination of Ammonia","volume":"49","author":"Patton","year":"1977","journal-title":"In ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0080","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry","first-page":"10815","article-title":"Interpretation of infrared spectra: A practical approach","author":"Coates","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocero, M. J., Cabeza, \u00c1., Abad, N., Adamovic, T., Vaquerizo, L., Mart\u00ednez, C. M., & Pazo-Cepeda, M. V. (2018). Understanding biomass fractionation in subcritical & supercritical water. In Journal of Supercritical Fluids (Vol. 133, pp. 550\u2013565). Elsevier B.V. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.supflu.2017.08.012.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2017.08.012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.112925","article-title":"Valorization of animal and human wastes through hydrothermal liquefaction for biocrude production and simultaneous recovery of nutrients","volume":"216","author":"Conti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energ. Conver. Manage."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0095","article-title":"Digestate as a source of nutrients: Nitrogen and its fractions","volume":"14","author":"Czeka\u0142a","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tca.2011.11.010","article-title":"Thermal analysis and FTIR studies of sewage sludge produced in treatment plants. the case of sludge in the city of Uberl\u00e2ndia-MG","volume":"528","author":"De Oliveira Silva","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brazil. Thermochimica Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0105","article-title":"Salinity and sodicity: A growing global challenge to food security, environmental quality and soil resilience","author":"DeSutter","year":"2024","journal-title":"American Soc. Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2015.01.026","article-title":"Hydrochars derived from plant biomass under various conditions: Characterization and potential applications and impacts","volume":"267","author":"Fang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, J., Zhan, L., Ok, Y. S., & Gao, B. (2018). Minireview of potential applications of hydrochar derived from hydrothermal carbonization of biomass. In Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry (Vol. 57, pp. 15\u201321). Korean Society of Industrial Engineering Chemistry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jiec.2017.08.026.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2017.08.026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0120","article-title":"Mapping of salt-affected soils: Technical manual","author":"Omuto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0125","volume":"Vol. 20","author":"Gahlot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Conductive Material Engineered Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer (DIET)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2012.03.023","article-title":"Characterization of products from hydrothermal treatments of cellulose","volume":"42","author":"Gao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2020.113353","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge coupled with anaerobic digestion: Integrated approach for sludge management and energy recycling","volume":"224","author":"Gaur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energ. Conver. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0140","unstructured":"Gerber, P.J., Steinfeld, H., Henderson, B., Mottet, A., Opio, C., Dijkman, J., Falcucci, A. & Tempio, G. 2013. Tackling climate change through livestock \u2013 A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome. https:\/\/www.fao.org\/4\/i3437e\/i3437e00.htm."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.03.049","article-title":"An evaluation of stability by thermogravimetric analysis of digestate obtained from different biowastes","volume":"149","author":"G\u00f3mez","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0150","unstructured":"Gustafsson, M., & Ammenberg, J. (2022). IEA Bioenergy Task 37-A perspective on the state of the biogas industry from selected member countries."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1021\/op970035s","article-title":"Runaway reaction hazards in processing organic nitro compounds","volume":"2","author":"Gustin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1080\/00103624.2010.482171","article-title":"Simple and rapid laboratory method for rewetting dry soil for incubations","volume":"41","author":"Haney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.09.018","article-title":"Synergistic effect of hydrothermal co-carbonization of sewage sludge with fruit and agricultural wastes on hydrochar fuel quality and combustion behavior","volume":"100","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2017.08.051","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of food waste for nutrient recovery and reuse","volume":"69","author":"Idowu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-020-06358-8","article-title":"Hydrochar-based soil amendments for agriculture: A review of recent progress","volume":"14","author":"Islam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2022.126029","article-title":"Effects of product recovery methods on the yields and properties of hydrochars from hydrothermal carbonization of algal biomass","volume":"332","author":"Jabeen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2007.02.002","article-title":"Surface characterization and dye adsorptive capacities of char obtained from pyrolysis\/gasification of sewage sludge","volume":"133","author":"Jindarom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karadag, D., K\u00f6ro\u0287lu, O. E., Ozkaya, B., & Cakmakci, M. (2015). A review on anaerobic biofilm reactors for the treatment of dairy industry wastewater. In Process Biochemistry (Vol. 50, Issue 2, pp. 262\u2013271). Elsevier Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.procbio.2014.11.005.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2014.11.005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2019.04.002","article-title":"Preparation of high surface area sludge-based activated hydrochar via hydrothermal carbonization and application in the removal of basic dye","volume":"175","author":"Khoshbouy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.06.035","article-title":"Phosphorus recycling from waste activated sludge using the hydrothermal platform: Recovery, solubility and phytoavailability","volume":"169","author":"Khoury","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2016.07.037","article-title":"Upgrading the characteristics of biochar from cellulose, lignin, and xylan for solid biofuel production from biomass by hydrothermal carbonization","volume":"42","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0215","series-title":"Aqueous environmental geochemistry","author":"Langmuir","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-4-1073-2007","article-title":"Temperature response of soil respiration is dependent on concentration of readily decomposable C. In","volume":"4","author":"Larionova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-8-85-2022","article-title":"An underground, wireless, open-source, low-cost system for monitoring oxygen, temperature, and soil moisture","volume":"8","author":"Levintal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.04.035","article-title":"Effect of salt addition on hydrothermal carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass","volume":"99","author":"Lynam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-014-0980-1","article-title":"Carbon sequestration potential of hydrothermal carbonization char (hydrochar) in two contrasting soils; results of a 1-year field study","volume":"51","author":"Malghani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2021.106329","article-title":"Impact of Co-Hydrothermal carbonization of animal and agricultural waste on hydrochars\u2019 soil amendment and solid fuel properties","volume":"157","author":"Mariuzza","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b05667","article-title":"Recovery of Macro and Micro-Nutrients by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Septage","volume":"66","author":"McGaughy","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2020.105593","article-title":"Lab-scale pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization of biomass digestate: Characterization of solid products and compliance with biochar standards","volume":"139","author":"Miliotti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2010.01.026","article-title":"A simple automated system for measuring soil respiration by gas chromatography","volume":"81","author":"Mondini","year":"2010","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monlau, F., Sambusiti, C., Ficara, E., Aboulkas, A., Barakat, A., & Carr\u00e8re, H. (2015). New opportunities for agricultural digestate valorization: Current situation and perspectives. In Energy and Environmental Science (Vol. 8, Issue 9, pp. 2600\u20132621). Royal Society of Chemistry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/c5ee01633a.","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EE01633A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.03.045","article-title":"Circular economy indicators: What do they measure?","volume":"146","author":"Moraga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.17509\/ijost.v4i1.15806","article-title":"How to read and interpret ftir spectroscope of organic material","volume":"4","author":"Nandiyanto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indonesian J. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0275","series-title":"Current Developments in Biotechnology and Bioengineering: Biological Treatment of Industrial Effluents","first-page":"469","article-title":"By-products of anaerobic treatment: Methane and digestate from manures and cosubstrates","author":"Nghiem","year":"2017"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/en12091586","article-title":"Integration of hydrothermal carbonisation with anaerobic digestion; Opportunities for valorisation of digestate","volume":"12","author":"Parmar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energies"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0285","article-title":"Is sodium in anaerobically digested food waste a potential risk to soils? In Sustain","volume":"25","author":"Pawlett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2016.02.068","article-title":"Production of char from sewage sludge employing hydrothermal carbonization: Char properties, combustion behavior and thermal characteristics","volume":"176","author":"Peng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.supflu.2016.09.004","article-title":"Biomass conversion to bio-oil using sub-critical water: Study of model compounds for food processing waste","volume":"119","author":"Posmanik","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Supercrit. Fluids"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0300","first-page":"1125","article-title":"Hydrothermal conversion of beef cattle manure can enhance energy recovery in confined feedlots","volume":"6","author":"Posmanik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci: Water Res. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2011.0058","article-title":"Kinetics of carbon mineralization of biochars compared with wheat straw in three soils","volume":"41","author":"Qayyum","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"209","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.15446\/dyna.v86n209.77513","article-title":"Fingerprint analysis of ftir spectra of polymers containing vinyl acetate","volume":"86","author":"Ram\u00edrez-Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2019","journal-title":"DYNA (Colombia)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.07.064","article-title":"Coupling hydrothermal liquefaction and membrane distillation to treat anaerobic digestate from food and dairy farm waste","volume":"267","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reris, R., & Brooks, J. P. (2015). Principal Component Analysis and Optimization: A Tutorial. In Operations Research and Computing: Algorithms and Software for Analytics (pp. 212\u2013225). INFORMS. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1287\/ics.2015.0016.","DOI":"10.1287\/ics.2015.0016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2014.07.010","article-title":"Behavior of selected hydrolyzed and dehydrated products during hydrothermal carbonization of biomass","volume":"169","author":"Reza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.12312","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of cow manure: Carbon and nitrogen distributions in HTC products","volume":"35","author":"Reza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Progress Sustain. Energy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2011.11.009","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization as an effective way of densifying the energy content of biomass","volume":"103","author":"Rom\u00e1n","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel Process. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0340","first-page":"147","volume":"Vol. 141","author":"Sakadevan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Livestock Production and Its Impact on Nutrient Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. in Advances in Agronomy"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.2134\/jeq2011.0146","article-title":"One step forward toward characterization: Some important material properties to distinguish biochars","volume":"41","author":"Schimmelpfennig","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Environ. Qual."},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16053","DOI":"10.1080\/19443994.2015.1075428","article-title":"Preparation of carbon-based adsorbents from the pyrolysis of sewage sludge with CO2. Investigation of the acid washing procedure","volume":"57","author":"Sierra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Desalin. Water Treat."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12772","article-title":"Soil salinity: A global threat to sustainable development","volume":"38","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0360","series-title":"Biochar: A Guide to Analytical Methods","first-page":"23","article-title":"Biochar pH, electrical conductivity and liming potential","author":"Singh","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2006.01.016","article-title":"The applicability of Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in waste management","volume":"27","author":"Smidt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2010.09.013","article-title":"The effect of young biochar on soil respiration","volume":"42","author":"Smith","year":"2010","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-012656446-4\/50001-3","article-title":"Environmental soil chemistry: An overview","volume":"1\u201342","author":"Sparks","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Soil Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0380","series-title":"Aquatic chemistry: Chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters","author":"Stumm","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2013.10.023","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of pig slurry treatment technologies for nutrient redistribution in Denmark","volume":"132","author":"ten Hoeve","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0390","series-title":"The chemistry of soils","author":"Sposito","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toor, S. S., Rosendahl, L., & Rudolf, A. (2011). Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass: A review of subcritical water technologies. In Energy (Vol. 36, Issue 5, pp. 2328\u20132342). Elsevier Ltd. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.energy.2011.03.013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2011.03.013"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.2136\/vzj2004.0164","article-title":"Continuous Soil Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen Measurements and Estimation of Gradient\u2010Based Gaseous Flux","volume":"4","author":"Turcu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vadose Zone J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2019.03.347","article-title":"Fate and distribution of nutrients and heavy metals during hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge with implication to land application","volume":"225","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145922","article-title":"The redistribution and migration mechanism of nitrogen in the hydrothermal co\u2013carbonization process of sewage sludge and lignocellulosic wastes","volume":"776","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2017.07.017","article-title":"Characterization of dairy manure hydrochar and aqueous phase products generated by hydrothermal carbonization at different temperatures","volume":"127","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0420","article-title":"Improving nutrients removal and energy recovery from wastes using hydrochar","volume":"Vol. 783","author":"Wu","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121385","article-title":"Speciation and transformation of nitrogen for spirulina hydrothermal carbonization","volume":"286","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7010","DOI":"10.1039\/D0GC02615H","article-title":"Hydrothermal carbonization of sewage sludge: Effect of inorganic salts on hydrochar\u2019s physicochemical properties","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Green Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2024.118287","article-title":"Biocrude extraction from human-excreta-derived hydrochar for sustainable energy and agricultural applications","volume":"247","author":"Yahav Spitzer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.09.126","article-title":"Using hydrothermal carbonization for sustainable treatment and reuse of human excreta","volume":"205","author":"Yahav Spitzer","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.119","article-title":"Surface functional groups of carbon-based adsorbents and their roles in the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions: A critical review","volume":"366","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J. hong, Lin, Q. mei, & Zhao, X. rong. (2014). The hydrochar characters of municipal sewage sludge under different hydrothermal temperatures and durations. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13(3), 471\u2013482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2095-3119(13)60702-9.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-3119(13)60702-9"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122254","article-title":"Ammonium nitrogen recovery from digestate by hydrothermal pretreatment followed by activated hydrochar sorption","volume":"379","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2019.01.035","article-title":"Effects of temperature, time and acidity of hydrothermal carbonization on the hydrochar properties and nitrogen recovery from corn stover","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomass Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714_b0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2019.03.025","article-title":"The influence of manure feedstock, slow pyrolysis, and hydrothermal temperature on manure thermochemical and combustion properties","volume":"88","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Waste Manag."}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X26003843?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X26003843?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T11:28:33Z","timestamp":1785151713000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X26003843"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0956053X26003843"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Decoupling salinity and carbon function during hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobic digestate","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115714","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115714"}}