{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T12:03:42Z","timestamp":1789646622731,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T17:57:25Z","timestamp":1787939845000},"page":"115835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Balancing benefits and risks in food waste biochar: Pyrolysis severity effects on contaminant fate, nutrient leaching, and biological safety"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"226","author":[{"given":"Ojima Z.","family":"Wada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4847-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rashad","family":"Al-Gaashani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sruthi","family":"Udayakumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Wahib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tricia A.","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tareq","family":"Al-Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1246-4067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled A.","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9036","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22169036","article-title":"Effects of abiotic stress on soil microbiome","volume":"22","author":"Abdul Rahman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24965","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10411-5","article-title":"Short term effects of biochar on soil chemical properties, growth, yield, quality, and shelf life of tomato","volume":"15","author":"Adekiya","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rineng.2024.102433","article-title":"Biochar for a sustainable future: environmentally friendly production and diverse applications","volume":"23","author":"Afshar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Results Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135151","article-title":"Waste rock reprocessing to enhance the sustainability of phosphate reserves: a critical review","volume":"381","author":"Amar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0025","article-title":"Occurrence data of nickel in feed and animal exposure assessment","volume":"17","author":"Arcella","year":"2019","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.05.042","article-title":"Formation of chlorination by-products in waters with low SUVA\u2014correlations with SUVA and differential UV spectroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Ates","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.131016","article-title":"Effects of sheep bone biochar on soil quality, maize growth, and fractionation and phytoavailability of Cd and Zn in a mining-contaminated soil","volume":"282","author":"Azeem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.128131","article-title":"Removal of potentially toxic elements from contaminated soil and water using bone char compared to plant- and bone-derived biochars: a review","volume":"427","author":"Azeem","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201300412","article-title":"Biodegradation measurements confirm the predictive value of the O:C\u2010ratio for biochar recalcitrance","volume":"177","author":"Bai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Plant Nutr. Soil Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.3390\/su12093643","article-title":"Agri-food markets in qatar: drivers, trends, and policy responses","volume":"12","author":"Ben Hassen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5886","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26125886","article-title":"Strontium-substituted calcium orthophosphates: structure, stability, morphology, and biomedical applications","volume":"26","author":"Bigi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.12.031","article-title":"Effect of water washing pretreatment on property and adsorption capacity of macroalgae-derived biochar","volume":"233","author":"Boakye","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2022.120632","article-title":"Soil acidification and the liming potential of biochar","volume":"317","author":"Bolan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.126245","article-title":"Closing the loop on take, make, waste: investigating circular economy practices in the swedish fashion industry","volume":"293","author":"Brydges","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00394-w","article-title":"Mineral-enriched biochar delivers enhanced nutrient recovery and carbon dioxide removal","volume":"3","author":"Buss","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01301-x","article-title":"Zinc and animal health: an in-depth exploration of its role in physiological functions and regulatory molecular mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.21776\/ub.jpacr.2023.012.02.3308","article-title":"Identification of volatile compounds in several meat and bone broth using Solid phase Micro Extraction-Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (SPME-GCMS) for initial detection of Halal and Non-Halal Food","volume":"12","author":"Candra Dewi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pure Appl. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2018.07.028","article-title":"Life cycle assessment of potash fertilizer production in China","volume":"138","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-00682-3","article-title":"Urban food waste generation and sustainable management strategies: a case study of Nonthaburi Municipality","volume":"15","author":"Choochote","year":"2025","journal-title":"Thailand. Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19397038.2025.2497535","article-title":"Valorisation of composting spent leachate for sustainable microbial growth: enhancing biomass production of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MTCC 173","volume":"18","author":"Divyashri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6277","DOI":"10.3390\/en15176277","article-title":"Pyrolysis valorization of vegetable wastes: thermal, kinetic, thermodynamics, and pyrogas analyses","volume":"15","author":"Elkhalifa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Energies (basel)."},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0110.1","unstructured":"EU Parliament, 2019. REGULATION"},{"key":"#cr-split#-10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0110.2","unstructured":"(EU) 2019\/1009 OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. Office Journal of the European Union."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0115","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of chromium methionine (Availa\u00ae Cr) as feed additive for all species","volume":"7","year":"2009","journal-title":"EFSA J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2025.165273","article-title":"Bone char material for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) adsorption: effect of the activation on surface characteristics and performance","volume":"721","author":"Feo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1021\/ic50131a040","article-title":"Infrared studies of apatites. II. Preparation of normal and isotopically substituted calcium, strontium, and barium hydroxyapatites and spectra-structure-composition correlations","volume":"13","author":"Fowler","year":"1974","journal-title":"Inorg. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2025.104321","article-title":"Bone char outperforms biochar in phosphorus-deficient soils: Comparative analysis of soil fertility enhancement and greenhouse gas mitigation","volume":"39","author":"Ghorbani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics12030189","article-title":"The cocktail effects on the acute cytotoxicity of pesticides and pharmaceuticals frequently detected in the environment","volume":"12","author":"G\u00f6b\u00f6l\u00f6s","year":"2024","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.133185","article-title":"Mitigating heavy metal volatilization during thermal treatment of MSWI fly ash by using iron(III) sulfate as a chlorine depleting agent","volume":"465","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s43621-025-02542-6","article-title":"Waste characterization as a pathway to circular resource management in Karachi\u2019s district east","volume":"7","author":"Hassan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discover Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48104","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c06950","article-title":"Releasing and assessing the toxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from biochar loaded with iron","volume":"8","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0155","unstructured":"IBI, 2015. Standardized Product Definition and Product Testing Guidelines for Biochar That Is Used in Soil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2022.102988","article-title":"Significant contributions of biochar-derived dissolved matters to ecotoxicity to earthworms (Eisenia fetida) in soil with biochar amendment","volume":"29","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.08.050","article-title":"Influence of pyrolysis temperature on properties and environmental safety of heavy metals in biochars derived from municipal sewage sludge","volume":"320","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2023.1324533","article-title":"Biochar as a tool for the improvement of soil and environment","volume":"11","author":"Kabir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0175","article-title":"A critical re\u2010analysis of biochar properties prediction from production parameters and elemental analysis","volume":"16","author":"Lebrun Thauront","year":"2024","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.10.040","article-title":"Effects of demineralization on food waste biochar for co-firing: Behaviors of alkali and alkaline earth metals and chlorine","volume":"137","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2014.10.002","article-title":"Distribution of limited irrigation water based on optimized regulated deficit irrigation and typical metheorological year concepts","volume":"148","author":"Leite","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agric Water Manag"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0190","article-title":"Heavy Metal Accumulation in Fruits and vegetables and Human Health Risk Assessment: Findings from Maharashtra","volume":"16","author":"Mawari","year":"2022","journal-title":"India. Environ. Health Insights"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0195","unstructured":"Max, K., Shannon, K., Jenny, S., Amanda, S., 2023. Quantifying Methane Emissions from Landfilled Food Waste. Washington."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11469","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-61974-8","article-title":"Liming potential and characteristics of biochar produced from woody and non-woody biomass at different pyrolysis temperatures","volume":"14","author":"Murtaza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s42834-023-00176-9","article-title":"Biochar synthesis from mineral and ash-rich waste biomass, part 2: characterization of biochar and co-pyrolysis mechanism for carbon sequestration","volume":"33","author":"Nair","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainable Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0210","article-title":"Biochar soil amendment as carbon farming practice in a Mediterranean environment","volume":"33","author":"Nogu\u00e9s","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geoderma Reg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.70049","article-title":"The H\/C molar ratio and its potential pitfalls for determining biochar\u2019s permanence","volume":"17","author":"Petersen","year":"2025","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2023.117896","article-title":"Preparation, characterisation and applications of bone char, a food waste-derived sustainable material: a review","volume":"339","author":"Piccirillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44562","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-28294-x","article-title":"Biochar from invasive weeds for enhanced removal of organic pollutants and pathogens from municipal wastewater","volume":"15","author":"Poonia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-020-00069-9","article-title":"Biochar from vegetable wastes: agro-environmental characterization","volume":"2","author":"Pradhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s44246-024-00123-2","article-title":"Food waste biochar: a sustainable solution for agriculture application and soil\u2013water remediation","volume":"3","author":"Pradhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carbon Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0240","first-page":"1856","article-title":"Emerging contaminants in arabian gulf water: occurrence, risks, and management strategies","volume":"18","author":"Rasool","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water (basel)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0245","first-page":"1587","article-title":"Changes of labile, stable and water-soluble fractions of biochar after two years in a vineyard soil","volume":"2","author":"Rombol\u00e0","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, S., Mukherjee, S., Bolan, S., de Figueiredo, C., Fachini, J., X.Chang, S., Palansooriya, K.N., Zhou, P., Hou, D., Kaya, C., Siddique, K.H.M., Bolan, N., 2025. Biochar as a Potential Nutrient Carrier for Agricultural Applications. Curr. Pollut. Rep. 11, 19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40726-025-00349-7.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40726-025-00349-7"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26195","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-11580-z","article-title":"Valorisation of food industry waste into high-performance biochar for environmental applications","volume":"15","author":"Sieradzka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41796","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-25697-8","article-title":"Occurrence, fate and ecological risks of phthalate esters and bisphenol a in coastal wastewater discharges","volume":"15","author":"Soleimani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0265","first-page":"289","article-title":"Review of the stability of biochar in soils: predictability of O:C molar ratios","volume":"1","author":"Spokas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Carbon Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/ijce\/5571034","article-title":"Slow pyrolysis of waste cow bone for biochar production and its application in copper removal from acidic solutions","volume":"2024","author":"Tansomros","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-020-09523-3","article-title":"Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects","volume":"19","author":"Tomczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0280","unstructured":"USEPA, 2025. National Overview: Facts and Figures on Materials, Wastes and Recycling [WWW Document]. Facts and Figures about Materials, Waste and Recycling. URL https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling\/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials (accessed 7.29.26)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0285","unstructured":"USEPA, 1996. Method 8260B: Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography\/Mass Spectrometry (GC\/MS)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-08761-w","article-title":"Chromium (VI) in phosphorus fertilizers determined with the diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique","volume":"27","author":"Vogel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19397038.2026.2619258","article-title":"Harnessing local biomass resources in Qatar: a systematic review of building a scalable circular economy for arid and resource-scarce regions","volume":"19","author":"Wada","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Sustain. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-025-00565-w","article-title":"AI-driven biochar engineering for emerging pollutants removal from water: performance, mechanisms, and environmental perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Wada","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2026.134905","article-title":"A machine learning-assisted engineering of activation-free hierarchical and microporous biochars for selective adsorption","volume":"456","author":"Wada","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wada, Vincent, A.S., Mackey, H.R., 2022. Single-cell protein production from purple non-sulphur bacteria-based wastewater treatment. Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11157-022-09635-y.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-022-09635-y"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15112523","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of biochar derived from different biomass sources on mitigating soil acidification","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.108720","article-title":"Porous biochars with nitrogen defects prepared from hydrogel template-modified food waste for high-performance supercapacitors","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Energy Storage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2026.125209","article-title":"Food waste derived biochar via pyrolysis: Properties, contaminant sequestration mechanisms, and environmental applications","volume":"306","author":"Waqas","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126611","article-title":"Potential hazards of biochar: the negative environmental impacts of biochar applications","volume":"420","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.121927","article-title":"Food waste based biochars for ammonia nitrogen removal from aqueous solutions","volume":"292","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-024-00316-3","article-title":"Harnessing the power of functionalized biochar: progress, challenges, and future perspectives in energy, water treatment, and environmental sustainability","volume":"6","author":"Yameen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0345","unstructured":"Zero Waste Europe, 2024. Europe missing out on the potential of food waste, with almost 75% ending up in landfills or incinerated [WWW Document]. Press Release. URL https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/press-release\/europe-missing-out-on-the-potential-of-food-waste-with-almost-75-ending-up-in-landfills-or-incinerated\/ (accessed 5.5.25)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.170054","article-title":"Exposure to environmental levels of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol affects digestive glands and induces inflammation in Asian Clam (Corbicula fluminea)","volume":"915","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2019.03.113","article-title":"Adsorption of phosphate from aqueous solution by vegetable biochar\/layered double oxides: Fast removal and mechanistic studies","volume":"284","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_b0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2021.01.031","article-title":"Dimethyl phthalate damages S. aureus by changing the cell structure, inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting energy metabolism","volume":"107","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835_bib361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-016-2905-2","article-title":"Phosphorus availability from bone char in a P-fixing soil influenced by root-mycorrhizae-biochar interactions","volume":"408","author":"Zwetsloot","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Soil"}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X26005052?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X26005052?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:33:33Z","timestamp":1789644813000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X26005052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":74,"alternative-id":["S0956053X26005052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Balancing benefits and risks in food waste biochar: Pyrolysis severity effects on contaminant fate, nutrient leaching, and biological safety","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115835","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115835"}}