{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T08:27:56Z","timestamp":1793608076880,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017667","name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs AEPI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017667","name":"Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs AEPI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017667","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002365","name":"China Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002365","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Waste Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T03:30:33Z","timestamp":1792726233000},"page":"115953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The safety threshold determination of phytotoxic substances in compost based on seed germination and seedling growth"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"227","author":[{"given":"Yilin","family":"Kong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingshuai","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qianlin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoxue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.08.111","article-title":"Effect of preparation conditions of activated carbon from bamboo waste for real textile wastewater","volume":"173","author":"Ahmad","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.14307","article-title":"Harnessing phytohormones: advancing plant growth and defence strategies for sustainable agriculture","volume":"176","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1007\/s10163-021-01176-w","article-title":"Comparison of composting of chemically pretreated and fermented sugarcane bagasse for zero-waste biorefinery","volume":"23","author":"Ansari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manage."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6487","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c09112","article-title":"Multistress interplay: time and duration of ocean acidification modulate the toxicity of mercury and other metals","volume":"58","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-8524(97)00084-9","article-title":"Maturity and stability parameters of composts prepared with a wide range of organic wastes","volume":"63","author":"Bernal","year":"1998","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.130813","article-title":"Neutral-to-positive cadmium effects on germination and seedling vigor, with and without seed priming","volume":"448","author":"Carvalho","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.15140","article-title":"Efficient and flexible uptake system for mineral elements in plants","volume":"219","author":"Che","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Danish, M., Hashim, R., Ibrahim, M.N.M., Sulaiman, O. 2014. Optimized preparation for large surface area activated carbon from date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) stone biomass [J]. Biomass & Bioenergy, 2014, 61, 167-178.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2013.12.008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2024.12.011","article-title":"Comprehensive analysis of compost maturity differences across stages and materials with statistical models","volume":"193","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-018-0442-3","article-title":"Physico-chemical and spectroscopy assessment of sludge biodegradation during semi-industrial composting under semi-arid climate","volume":"11","author":"El Glauoi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valoriz."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2025.108188","article-title":"Optimization of Chlorella vulgaris to activated sludge ratio for treating domestic wastewater via photo fermentation: a response surface methodology approach","volume":"205","author":"Elsayad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2016.03.025","article-title":"Volatile fatty acid production from spent mushroom compost: Effect of total solid content","volume":"113","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Biodeter. Biodegr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2026.121871","article-title":"A comparative study of maturity, gas emissions, and microbial communities during kitchen waste, food waste, and food waste digestate composting","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.130126","article-title":"Enhancing the transformation of carbon and nitrogen organics to humus in composting: Biotic and abiotic synergy mediated by mineral material","volume":"393","author":"Gao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1104\/pp.17.01460","article-title":"Seedling establishment: a dimmer switch-regulated process between dark and light signaling","volume":"176","author":"Gommers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2025.164537","article-title":"Condition optimizing, process predicting, and key physicochemical factor identifying for yak dung compost humification: Integrating response surface methodology with interpretable machine learning","volume":"517","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.114251","article-title":"Phytotoxicity of farm livestock manures in facultative heap composting using the seed germination index as indicator","volume":"247","author":"Kong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.09.040","article-title":"Determining the extraction conditions and phytotoxicity threshold for compost maturity evaluation using the seed germination index method","volume":"171","author":"Kong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11920","DOI":"10.3390\/su141911920","article-title":"Seedling establishment test for the comprehensive evaluation of compost phytotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.125261","article-title":"Sensitivity difference between skotomorphogenesis and photomorphogenesis of plants to antibiotics: a call for research","volume":"242","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2018.12.097","article-title":"Co-composting of the biogas residues and spent mushroom substrate: physicochemical properties and maturity assessment","volume":"276","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jksus.2021.101770","article-title":"Biochar amended compost maturity evaluation using commercial vegetable crops seedlings through phytotoxicity germination bioassay","volume":"34","author":"Milon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. King Saud Univers. Sci."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2026.2629044","article-title":"Optimised co-composting of chicken manure with biochar and Tithonia diversifolia for enhanced nutrient recovery and reduced phytotoxicity","volume":"47","author":"Nantambi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.169221","article-title":"Composting municipal solid waste and animal manure in response to the current fertilizer crisis- a recent review","volume":"912","author":"Pajura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3054.2008.01073.x","article-title":"Potassium influences on yield and quality production for maize, wheat, soybean and cotton","volume":"133","author":"Pettigrew","year":"2008","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2025.2534859","article-title":"Physiological response of rice to graphene oxide under cadmium chloride stress","volume":"89","author":"Puntel","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health-Part a-Curr. Issues"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.06.018","article-title":"Changes in the chemical characteristics of water-extractable organic matter during composting and their influence on compost stability and maturity","volume":"98","author":"Said-Pullicino","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14660","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c04345","article-title":"Time between sequential exposures to multiple stress turns antagonism into synergism","volume":"56","author":"Schunck","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10020243","article-title":"Morphological, physiological and molecular markers for salt-stressed plants","volume":"10","author":"Soltabayeva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plants-Basel"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2024.2434656","article-title":"Conditioning rice seeds with chitosan to mitigate salt stress","volume":"88","author":"Stefanello","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health-Part a-Curr. Issues"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2025.2611420","article-title":"Seed priming with graphene oxide improves cadmium stress tolerance in maize","volume":"89","author":"Stefanello","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health-Part a-Curr. Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0160","article-title":"Approach to the circular economy through agro-livestock waste composting with heat recovery and agricultural use of the resulting compost","volume":"41","author":"Valverde-Orozco","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0165","article-title":"Greener production of compost from agricultural biomass residues amended with mule dung for agronomic application","volume":"288","author":"Vizhimalar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2020.06.034","article-title":"Evolution of phytotoxicity during the active phase of co-composting of chicken manure, tobacco powder and mushroom substrate","volume":"114","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2024.144195","article-title":"Multi-omics insights into the vital role of thermophilic phase on compost maturity","volume":"482","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153958","article-title":"Superphosphate, biochar, and a microbial inoculum regulate phytotoxicity and humification during chicken manure composting","volume":"824","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.126809","article-title":"Key factors affecting seed germination in phytotoxicity tests during sheep manure composting with carbon additives","volume":"421","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plantsci.2017.01.012","article-title":"Genetic engineering of the biosynthesis of glycinebetaine leads to alleviate salt-induced potassium efflux and enhances salt tolerance in tomato plants","volume":"257","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00107-023-01939-2","article-title":"Response surface methodology approach for dyeing process optimization of Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxylon) wood with acid dye","volume":"81","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0200","article-title":"Intelligent compost maturity assessment: a hybrid computer vision and physicochemical parameters","volume":"51","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sustain. Chem. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2016.05.001","article-title":"Development of phytotoxicity indexes and their correlation with ecotoxicological, stability and physicochemical parameters during passive composting of poultry manure","volume":"54","author":"Young","year":"2016","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1606","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/tpaa086","article-title":"Superior growth, N uptake and NH4+ tolerance in the giant bamboo Phyllostachys edulis over the broad-leaved tree Castanopsis fargesii at elevated NH4+ may underlie community succession and favor the expansion of bamboo","volume":"40","author":"Zou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."}],"container-title":["Waste Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X26006239?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0956053X26006239?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T07:45:09Z","timestamp":1793605509000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0956053X26006239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0956053X26006239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953","relation":{},"ISSN":["0956-053X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0956-053X","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The safety threshold determination of phytotoxic substances in compost based on seed germination and seedling growth","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Waste Management","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wasman.2026.115953","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115953"}}