{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T01:37:25Z","timestamp":1788572245207,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,1]],"date-time":"2015-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1430438400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002803","name":"Fondazione Cariplo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2009-3468-2009-3513"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2009-3468-2009-3513"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002803","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]],"date-time":"2015-02-10T02:32:48Z","timestamp":1423535568000},"page":"23-33","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":195,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Wastewater analysis to monitor use of caffeine and nicotine and evaluation of their metabolites as biomarkers for population size assessment"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ivan","family":"Senta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Gracia-Lor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Borsotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ettore","family":"Zuccato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Castiglioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib1","first-page":"13","article-title":"A methodology for the estimation of unit nutrient and organic loads from domestic and non-domestic sources","volume":"4","author":"Andreottola","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur. Water Pollut. Control"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200210-1142PP","article-title":"Theophylline: new perspectives for an old drug","volume":"167","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib3","series-title":"Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man","year":"2004"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8305","DOI":"10.1021\/es202447r","article-title":"Normalized diurnal and between-day trends in illicit and legal drug loads that account for changes in population","volume":"46","author":"Brewer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.01.011","article-title":"Evaluation of selected ubiquitous contaminants in the aquatic environment and their transformation products. A pilot study of their removal from a sewage treatment plant","volume":"45","author":"Bueno","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1021\/es020125z","article-title":"Caffeine, an anthropogenic marker for wastewater contamination of surface waters","volume":"37","author":"Buerge","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6354","DOI":"10.1021\/es800455q","article-title":"Nicotine derivatives in wastewater and surface waters: application as chemical markers for domestic wastewater","volume":"42","author":"Buerge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-9556(25)08565-4","article-title":"Evidence for urinary excretion of glucuronide conjugates of nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine in smokers","volume":"20","author":"Byrd","year":"1992","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Dispos."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8421","DOI":"10.1021\/ac061095b","article-title":"Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"78","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1021\/es302722f","article-title":"Evaluation of uncertainties associated with the determination of community drug use through the measurement of sewage drug biomarkers","volume":"47","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.034","article-title":"Testing wastewater to detect illicit drugs: state of the art, potential and research needs","volume":"487","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1136\/tobaccocontrol-2014-051553","article-title":"A novel approach for monitoring tobacco use in local communities by wastewater analysis","volume":"24","author":"Castiglioni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.075","article-title":"Towards finding a population biomarker for wastewater epidemiology studies","volume":"487","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00342-X","article-title":"Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities","volume":"302","author":"D'Ascenzo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2011.11.015","article-title":"Real-time estimation of small-area populations with human biomarkers in sewage","volume":"414","author":"Daughton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib16","series-title":"Coffee and Health","author":"Debry","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.02.021","article-title":"A national reconnaissance for pharmaceuticals and other organic wastewater contaminants in the United States \u2013 II) Untreated drinking water sources","volume":"402","author":"Focazio","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2013.02.009","article-title":"Smoking prevalence in Italy 2011 and 2012, with a focus on hand-rolled cigarettes","volume":"56","author":"Gallus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib19","series-title":"Caffeine, Coffee and Health","author":"Garattini","year":"1993"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3821","DOI":"10.1021\/ac062370x","article-title":"Ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of stimulatory drugs of abuse in wastewater and surface waters","volume":"79","author":"Huerta-Fontela","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.02.057","article-title":"Occurrence of psychoactive stimulatory drugs in wastewaters in north-eastern Spain","volume":"397","author":"Huerta-Fontela","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.57.1.3","article-title":"Metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine","volume":"57","author":"Hukkanen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib23","series-title":"Censimento Popolazione 2011","author":"Italian National Institute of Statistics (ISTAT)","year":"2011"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4347(98)00016-4","article-title":"Analysis of urinary caffeine metabolites to assess biotransformation enzyme activities by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"709","author":"Krul","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Biomed. Sci. Appl."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.05.042","article-title":"Refining the estimation of illicit drug consumptions from wastewater analysis: co-analysis of prescription pharmaceuticals and uncertainty assessment","volume":"45","author":"Lai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib26","first-page":"1593","article-title":"Analysis and interpretation of specific ethanol metabolites, ethyl sulfate, and ethyl glucuronide in sewage effluent for the quantitative measurement of regional alcohol consumption","volume":"35","author":"Reid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin. Exp. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519609090590","article-title":"Elimination of theobromine metabolites in healthy adults","volume":"56","author":"Rodopoulos","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519709060032","article-title":"Elimination of theophylline metabolites in healthy adults","volume":"57","author":"Rodopoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.07.004","article-title":"Occurrence of emerging pollutants in urban wastewater and their removal through biological treatment followed by ozonation","volume":"44","author":"Rosal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.09.073","article-title":"Occurrence of pharmaceutically active compounds during 1-year period in wastewaters from four wastewater treatment plants in Seville (Spain)","volume":"164","author":"Santos","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/46.2.144","article-title":"Simultaneous HPLC determination of caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline in food, drinks, and herbal products","volume":"46","author":"Srdjenovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.04.041","article-title":"Occurrence of emerging contaminants, priority substances (2008\/105\/CE) and heavy metals in treated wastewater and groundwater at Depurbaix facility (Barcelona, Spain)","volume":"408","author":"Teijon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.02.035","article-title":"Degradability of creatinine under sewer conditions affects its potential to be used as biomarker in sewage epidemiology","volume":"55C","author":"Thai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7611","DOI":"10.1021\/es202522d","article-title":"What else can the analysis of sewage for urinary biomarkers reveal about communities?","volume":"45","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2006.07.014","article-title":"An index directly indicates land-based pollutant load contributions of domestic wastewater to the water pollution and its application","volume":"370","author":"Tsuzuki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2010.05.030","article-title":"Illicit drug consumption estimations derived from wastewater analysis: a critical review","volume":"409","author":"van Nuijs","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib37","series-title":"WHO Report on Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2013","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(01)00656-2","article-title":"Stability of 5-acetamido-6-formylamino-3-methyluracil in buffers and urine","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-4-14","article-title":"Cocaine in surface waters: a new evidence-based tool to monitor community drug abuse","volume":"4","author":"Zuccato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.11022","article-title":"Estimating community drug abuse by wastewater analysis","volume":"116","author":"Zuccato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135415000755?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135415000755?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,18]],"date-time":"2025-05-18T15:29:11Z","timestamp":1747582151000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135415000755"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"references-count":40,"alternative-id":["S0043135415000755"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Wastewater analysis to monitor use of caffeine and nicotine and evaluation of their metabolites as biomarkers for population size assessment","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}