{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:01:52Z","timestamp":1790420512412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]],"date-time":"2018-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000270","name":"Natural Environment Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000270","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Severn Trent Water"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,25]],"date-time":"2017-10-25T06:00:22Z","timestamp":1508911222000},"page":"120-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Impacts of coagulation-flocculation treatment on the size distribution and bioavailability of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn) in municipal wastewater"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"128","author":[{"given":"Andrew J.","family":"Hargreaves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Whelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Alibardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Constantino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Dotro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elise","family":"Cartmell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8569-9620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Campo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Chemical coagulation-based processes for trace organic contaminant removal: current state and future potential","volume":"111","author":"Alexander","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib2","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"American Public Health Association (APHA)","year":"2005"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00022-6","article-title":"A\u00a0review of soluble microbial products (SMP) in wastewater treatment systems","volume":"33","author":"Barker","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.09.104","article-title":"Removing heavy metals from polluted surface water with a tannin-based flocculant agent","volume":"165","author":"Beltr\u00e1n Heredia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.04.059","article-title":"Trace metal speciation and fluxes within a major French wastewater treatment plant: impact of the successive treatments stages","volume":"65","author":"Buzier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.2965\/jwet.2013.153","article-title":"Metal (Zn, Cu, Cd and Ni) complexation by dissolved organic matter (DOM) in wastewater treatment plant effluent","volume":"11","author":"Chaminda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Environ. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-053X(02)00065-X","article-title":"Accumulation and fate of selected heavy metals in a biological wastewater treatment system","volume":"23","author":"Chipasa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2011.126","article-title":"Influent concentrations and removal performances of metals through municipal wastewater treatment processes","volume":"63","author":"Choubert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1080\/10934529.2013.729912","article-title":"Treatment of rainwater runoff in recovery and recycling companies: lab and pilot-scale testing","volume":"48","author":"Chys","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Sci. Health Part A"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2863","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2015.1050072","article-title":"The impact of tertiary wastewater treatment on copper and zinc complexation","volume":"36","author":"Constantino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8363","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-016-8332-3","article-title":"The effect of wastewater effluent derived ligands on copper and zinc complexation","volume":"24","author":"Constantino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620201034","article-title":"Biotic ligand model of the acute toxicity of metals. 1. Technical basis","volume":"20","author":"Di Toro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2005.12.011","article-title":"Nickel speciation in the presence of different sources and fractions of dissolved organic matter","volume":"66","author":"Doig","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-8686(02)00067-2","article-title":"Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts","volume":"100","author":"Duan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.09.009","article-title":"Chemical coagulation of combined sewer overflow: heavy metal removal and treatment optimization","volume":"42","author":"El Samrani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib16","series-title":"Straightforward Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Evans","year":"1996"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2006.07.043","article-title":"Grape bagasse as a potential biosorbent of metals in effluent treatments","volume":"98","author":"Farinella","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.11.017","article-title":"Impacts of municipal wastewater oxidative treatments: changes in metal physical speciation and bioavailability","volume":"97","author":"Gagnon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.03.088","article-title":"Performance of UK wastewater treatment works with respect to trace contaminants","volume":"456","author":"Gardner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(99)00191-0","article-title":"Determination of pectin degree of esterification by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy","volume":"68","author":"Gnanasambandam","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1021\/es00050a007","article-title":"Adsorption and desorption of natural organic matter on iron oxide: mechanisms and models","volume":"28","author":"Gu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00355-2","article-title":"Relation between extracellular polymers' composition and its ability to complex Cd, Cu and Pb","volume":"52","author":"Guibaud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.05.029","article-title":"Impact of coagulation and adsorption on DOC fractions of secondary effluent and resulting fouling behaviour in ultrafiltration","volume":"41","author":"Haberkamp","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib24","first-page":"494","article-title":"A\u00a0tannin-based agent for coagulation and flocculation of municipal wastewater: chemical composition, performance assessment compared to Polyaluminum chloride, and application in a pilot plant","volume":"184","author":"Hameed","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Manag."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.3390\/ma10050539","article-title":"Functionalization of magnetic chitosan particles for the sorption of U (VI), Cu (II) and Zn (II)\u2014Hydrazide derivative of Glycine-Grafted chitosan","volume":"10","author":"Hamza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib26","unstructured":"Hargreaves, A.J., Vale, P., Whelan, J., Alibardi, L., Constantino, C., Dotro, G., Cartmell, E., & Campo, P. (unpublished results). Coagulation-flocculation process with metal salts, synthetic polymers and biopolymers for the removal of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn) from municipal wastewater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.02.034","article-title":"Distribution of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn) between particulate, colloidal and truly dissolved fractions in wastewater treatment","volume":"175","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(01)00283-4","article-title":"Characterization of dissolved organic matter in effluents from wastewater treatment plants","volume":"36","author":"Imai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.07.141","article-title":"FTIR spectrophotometry, kinetics and adsorption isotherms modeling, ion exchange, and EDX analysis for understanding the mechanism of Cd2+ and Pb2+ removal by mango peel waste","volume":"164","author":"Iqbal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2478\/intox-2014-0009","article-title":"Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals","volume":"7","author":"Jaishankar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0011-9164(02)00419-8","article-title":"Fouling characteristics of wastewater effluent organic matter (EfOM) isolates on NF and UF membranes","volume":"145","author":"Jarusutthirak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.2175\/106143007X221490","article-title":"Enhanced removal of heavy metals in primary treatment using coagulation and flocculation","volume":"80","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(03)00591-5","article-title":"Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process","volume":"53","author":"Karvelas","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2007.04.118","article-title":"Removal of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper from industrial wastewater by carbon developed from walnut, hazelnut, almond, pistachio shell, and apricot stone","volume":"150","author":"Kazemipour","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.04.043","article-title":"Effect of solids retention time on structure and characteristics of sludge flocs in sequencing batch reactors","volume":"40","author":"Liao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.04.123","article-title":"Implications of effluent organic matter and its hydrophilic fraction on zinc (II) complexation in rivers under strong urban pressure: aromaticity as an inaccurate indicator of DOM\u2013metal binding","volume":"490","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00240-3","article-title":"Characterization of copper complexation with natural dissolved organic matter (DOM)\u2014link to acidic moieties of DOM and competition by Ca and Mg","volume":"36","author":"Lu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.03.011","article-title":"Dissolved effluent organic matter: characteristics and potential implications in wastewater treatment and reuse applications","volume":"77","author":"Michael-Kordatou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib39","series-title":"Introduction to Spectroscopy: a Guide for Students of Organic Chemistry","author":"Pavia","year":"1996"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2008.05.064","article-title":"Dissolved organic matter from treated effluent of a major wastewater treatment plant: characterization and influence on copper toxicity","volume":"73","author":"Pernet-Coudrier","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib41","series-title":"Using Biotic Ligand Models to Help Implement Environmental Quality Standards for Metals under the Water Framework Directive","first-page":"83","author":"Peters","year":"2009"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2008.12.027","article-title":"Chitosan for coagulation\/flocculation processes\u2013an eco-friendly approach","volume":"45","author":"Renault","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1039\/B918161J","article-title":"The fate of metals in wastewater treated by the activated sludge process and membrane bioreactors: a brief review","volume":"12","author":"Santos","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Monit."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380600580011","article-title":"Effluent organic matter (EfOM) in wastewater: constituents, effects, and treatment","volume":"36","author":"Shon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8992","DOI":"10.1038\/srep08992","article-title":"Advanced material and approach for metal ions removal from aqueous solutions","volume":"5","author":"Turhanen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib46","series-title":"UK Environmental Standards and Conditions (Phase 1)","author":"UK Technical Advisory Group (UKTAG)","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib47","series-title":"Water Quality Criteria","author":"USEPA","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib48","first-page":"88","article-title":"Application of plant based coagulants for waste water treatment","volume":"1","author":"Vijayaraghavan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Eng. Res. Stud."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2009.01.018","article-title":"Distribution and transformation of molecular weight of organic matters in membrane bioreactor and conventional activated sludge process","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib50","first-page":"254","article-title":"Coagulation\/flocculation process with polyaluminum chloride for the remediation of oil sands process-affected water: performance and mechanism study","volume":"160","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib51","series-title":"UKTAG River & Lake Assessment Method Specific Pollutants (Metals) Metal Bioavailability Assessment Tool (M-BAT)","author":"WFD\u2013UKTAG","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2009.09.037","article-title":"Colloidal organic matter from wastewater treatment plant effluents: characterization and role in metal distribution","volume":"44","author":"Worms","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-013-0187-2","article-title":"Identification of waste management development drivers and potential emerging waste treatment technologies","volume":"10","author":"Zaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(98)00338-8","article-title":"Removal and recovery of zinc from solution and electroplating effluent using Azolla filiculoides","volume":"33","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135417308771?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135417308771?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T01:45:22Z","timestamp":1758591922000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135417308771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"references-count":54,"alternative-id":["S0043135417308771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Impacts of coagulation-flocculation treatment on the size distribution and bioavailability of trace metals (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn) in municipal wastewater","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.050","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}