{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:42:54Z","timestamp":1785930174427,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,1]],"date-time":"2019-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1567296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51778444"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51778444"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51678354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51678354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100013076","name":"National Major Science and Technology Project of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017ZX07207004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017ZX07207004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100013076","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China","award":["22120180123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22120180123"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology in Taiwan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST-107-2221-E-992-008-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST-107-2221-E-992-008-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,5,23]],"date-time":"2019-05-23T08:00:33Z","timestamp":1558598433000},"page":"296-303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Enhanced ronidazole degradation by UV-LED\/chlorine compared with conventional low-pressure UV\/chlorine at neutral and alkaline pH values"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"160","author":[{"given":"Xiang-Yun","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Li","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9522-5354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian-Yang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen-Yan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tong-Cheng","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Hai","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6894-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yang","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nai-Yun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib1","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","author":"APHA, AWWA, WEF","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2004.05.025","article-title":"Transition metal\/UV-based advanced oxidation technologies for water decontamination","volume":"54","author":"Anipsitakis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.04.028","article-title":"Evaluation of a UV-light emitting diodes unit for the removal of micropollutants in water for low energy advanced oxidation processes","volume":"92","author":"Autin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.024","article-title":"Evaluating UV-C LED disinfection performance and investigating potential dual-wavelength synergy","volume":"109","author":"Beck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.04.001","article-title":"Comparative disinfection efficiency of pulsed and continuous-wave UV irradiation technologies","volume":"42","author":"Bohrerova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9372(2003)129:3(209)","article-title":"Standardization of methods for fluence (UV dose) determination in bench-scale UV experiments","volume":"129","author":"Bolton","year":"2003","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2011.05.017","article-title":"Determination of the quantum yields of the potassium ferrioxalate and potassium iodide\u2013iodate actinometers and a method for the calibration of radiometer detectors","volume":"222","author":"Bolton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2010.124","article-title":"Demonstration and evaluation of germicidal UV-LEDs for point-of-use water disinfection","volume":"8","author":"Chatterley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Health"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.08.031","article-title":"Fate of carbamazepine and anthracene in soils watered with UV-LED treated wastewaters","volume":"47","author":"Chevremont","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13859","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03570","article-title":"Comparing the UV\/monochloramine and UV\/free chlorine advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to the UV\/hydrogen peroxide AOP under scenarios relevant to potable reuse","volume":"51","author":"Chuang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2005.08.034","article-title":"Water recycling with PV-powered UV-LED disinfection","volume":"31","author":"Close","year":"2006","journal-title":"Renew. Energy"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1021\/es4036094","article-title":"The roles of reactive species in micropollutant degradation in the UV\/free chlorine system","volume":"48","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1139\/s06-052","article-title":"Photolysis of aqueous free chlorine species (HOCl and OCl-) with 254 nm ultraviolet light","volume":"6","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.12.022","article-title":"Evaluating iopamidol degradation performance and potential dual-wavelength synergy by UV-LED irradiation and UV-LED\/chlorine treatment","volume":"360","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.004","article-title":"Effect of UV wavelength on humic acid degradation and disinfection by-product formation during the UV\/chlorine process","volume":"154","author":"Gao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2007.06.006","article-title":"The ferrioxalate and iodide\u2013iodate actinometers in the UV region","volume":"193","author":"Goldstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Photochem. Photobiol. A Chem."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9308","DOI":"10.1021\/es2017363","article-title":"Influence of pH on the formation of sulfate and hydroxyl radicals in the UV\/peroxymonosulfate system","volume":"45","author":"Guan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.09.030","article-title":"Comparison of UV-LED and low pressure UV for water disinfection: photoreactivation and dark repair of Escherichia coli","volume":"126","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.12.079","article-title":"Recent advances in application of UV light-emitting diodes for degrading organic pollutants in water through advanced oxidation processes: a review","volume":"132","author":"Matafonova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.07.041","article-title":"Kinetic models and pathways of ronidazole degradation by chlorination, UV irradiation and UV\/chlorine processes","volume":"65","author":"Qin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2003)078<0146:QYOTIC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Quantum yield of the iodide\u2013iodate chemical actinometer: dependence on wavelength and concentration","volume":"78","author":"Rahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03394","article-title":"Analysis of hydroxyl radicals and inactivation mechanisms of bacteriophage MS2 in response to a simultaneous application of UV and chlorine","volume":"51","author":"Rattanakul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.047","article-title":"Inactivation kinetics and efficiencies of UV-LEDs against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Legionella pneumophila, and surrogate microorganisms","volume":"130","author":"Rattanakul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.03.003","article-title":"Application of ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) for water disinfection: a review","volume":"94","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib25","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improved emission efficiency of 210-nm deep-ultraviolet\u00a0aluminum nitride light-emitting diode","volume":"8","author":"Taniyasu","year":"2010","journal-title":"NTT Tech. Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-009-0103-y","article-title":"Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes in water disinfection","volume":"16","author":"Vilhunen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.10.097","article-title":"Light-emitting diodes as an emerging UV source for UV\/chlorine oxidation: carbamazepine degradation and toxicity changes","volume":"310","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.03.032","article-title":"Chlorine photolysis and subsequent OH radical production during UV treatment of chlorinated water","volume":"41","author":"Watts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.11.015","article-title":"Application of GaN-based ultraviolet-C light emitting diodes - UV LEDs - for water disinfection","volume":"45","author":"W\u00fcrtele","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.01.018","article-title":"Influence of UV lamp, sulfur(IV) concentration, and pH on bromate degradation in UV\/sulfite systems: mechanisms and applications","volume":"111","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.06.018","article-title":"Wavelength-dependent chlorine photolysis and subsequent radical production using UV-LEDs as light sources","volume":"142","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.09.218","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic resistance genes and control of horizontal transfer risk by UV, chlorination and UV\/chlorination treatments of drinking water","volume":"358","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.367","article-title":"Enhanced inactivation of E. coli by pulsed UV-LED irradiation during water disinfection","volume":"650","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135419304609?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135419304609?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,6]],"date-time":"2019-08-06T17:44:12Z","timestamp":1565113452000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135419304609"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"references-count":33,"alternative-id":["S0043135419304609"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Enhanced ronidazole degradation by UV-LED\/chlorine compared with conventional low-pressure UV\/chlorine at neutral and alkaline pH values","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}