{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T03:36:27Z","timestamp":1791257787258,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]],"date-time":"2019-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1572566400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011102","name":"Seventh Framework Programme","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011102","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,4]],"date-time":"2019-08-04T05:22:07Z","timestamp":1564896127000},"page":"114953","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Environmental risk assessment of widely used anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, etoposide, imatinib mesylate)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"164","author":[{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Mi\u0161\u00edk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metka","family":"Filipic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armen","family":"Nersesyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Isidori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siegfried","family":"Knasmueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(89)90113-9","article-title":"Clastogenic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. I. Induction of chromosomal aberrations in somatic and germinal cells of mice","volume":"211","author":"Adler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(90)90087-Z","article-title":"Clastogenic effects of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum. II. Induction of chromosomal aberrations in primary spermatocytes and spermatogonial stem cells of mice","volume":"243","author":"Adler","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-009-9666-z","article-title":"Biomonitoring hospital effluents by the Allium cepa L. test","volume":"82","author":"Bagatini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvrad.2016.02.003","article-title":"Thirty years after the Chernobyl accident: what lessons have we learnt?","volume":"157","author":"Beresford","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Radioact."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2011.10.002","article-title":"Anticancer drugs in surface waters: what can we say about the occurrence and environmental significance of cytotoxic, cytostatic and endocrine therapy drugs?","volume":"39","author":"Besse","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-011-0636-y","article-title":"The four cornerstones of Evolutionary Toxicology","volume":"20","author":"Bickham","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.11.145","article-title":"Prioritising anticancer drugs for environmental monitoring and risk assessment purposes","volume":"473\u2013474","author":"Booker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.01.007","article-title":"Toxicities of four anti-neoplastic drugs and their binary mixtures tested on the green alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and the cyanobacterium Synechococcus leopoliensis","volume":"52","author":"Brezovsek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib9","first-page":"171","article-title":"Assessment of antineoplastic drugs in effluents of two hospitals","volume":"39","author":"Catastini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Identification de mol\u00e9cules anticanc\u00e9reuses dans les effluents hospitaliers"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib10","article-title":"Fate and effects of cytostatic pharmaceuticals in the environment and the identification of biomarkers for an improved risk assessment on environmental exposure. Deliverable D8.2","author":"CytoThreat","year":"2012","journal-title":"Overview of consumption of cytostatics on European level and the list of compounds of interest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2014.07.025","article-title":"Cisplatin in cancer therapy: molecular mechanisms of action","volume":"740","author":"Dasari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib12","series-title":"Technical Guidance Document in Support of Commission DIRECTIVE 93\/67\/EEC on Risk Assessment for New Notified ES and COMMISSION REGULATION (EC) N\u00b0 1488\/94 on RISK ASSESSMENT for EXISTING SUBSTANCES Part II","author":"EC","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib13","series-title":"Environment Canada, Health Canada: Screening Assessment (Etoposide)","author":"EC","year":"2015"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14780","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-6005-2","article-title":"Toxicity of the mixture of selected antineoplastic drugs against aquatic primary producers","volume":"23","author":"Elersek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.4986","article-title":"Ecotoxicity of disinfectant benzalkonium chloride and its mixture with antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil towards alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata","volume":"6","author":"Elersek","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib16","series-title":"Guideline on the Environmental Risk Assesment of the Medicinal Products for Human Use","author":"EMEA","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.08.019","article-title":"Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater","volume":"45","author":"Escher","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2008.08.022","article-title":"Genotoxic effects of wastewater from an oncological ward","volume":"672","author":"Ferk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5937","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-013-6794-4","article-title":"Development of a UPLC-MS\/MS method for the determination of ten anticancer drugs in hospital and urban wastewaters, and its application for the screening of human metabolites assisted by information-dependent acquisition tool (IDA) in sewage samples","volume":"405","author":"Ferrando-Climent","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib20","series-title":"Analogue-based Drug Discovery","author":"Fischer","year":"2006"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(94)90281-X","article-title":"The assessment of bioaccumulation","volume":"29","author":"Franke","year":"1994","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.02.015","article-title":"Predicting concentrations of cytostatic drugs in sewage effluents and surface waters of Catalonia (NE Spain)","volume":"138","author":"Franquet-Griell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2017.06.011","article-title":"Anticancer drugs: consumption trends in Spain, prediction of environmental concentrations and potential risks","volume":"229","author":"Franquet-Griell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"Pt A","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.06.057","article-title":"Biological and photochemical degradation of cytostatic drugs under laboratory conditions","volume":"323","author":"Franquet-Griell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib25","series-title":"Chemische Analyse, Risikobewertung und Entfernung von ausgew\u00e4hlten Zytostatika aus Abwasserstr\u00f6men aus Krankenh\u00e4usern Wien","author":"Fuehacker","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.04.024","article-title":"The impact of in\u00a0vivo and in\u00a0vitro exposure to base analogue 5-FU on the level of DNA damage in haemocytes of freshwater mussels Unio pictorum and Unio tumidus","volume":"191","author":"Gacic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14739","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4592-6","article-title":"Genotoxic potential of selected cytostatic drugs in human and zebrafish cells","volume":"23","author":"Gajski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-017-1517-6","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of platinum cytotoxic drugs: a focus on toxicity characterization of hospital effluents","volume":"15","author":"Ghafuria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1218(96)90039-7","article-title":"Detection of genotoxic activity in native hospital waste water by the umuC test","volume":"368","author":"Giuliani","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1119396109","article-title":"Exposure to anticancer drugs can result in transgenerational genomic instability in mice","volume":"109","author":"Glen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-014-1274-x","article-title":"A\u00a0comparative study of the sensitivities of Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 98, TA 100 and TA 102 to hospital waste waters","volume":"93","author":"Gupta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib32","volume":"vol. 76","author":"IARC","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.10.039","article-title":"Chemical and toxicological characterisation of anticancer drugs in hospital and municipal wastewaters from Slovenia and Spain","volume":"219","author":"Isidori","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(96)00028-0","article-title":"Genetic activity profiles of anticancer drugs","volume":"355","author":"Jackson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2007.09.054","article-title":"Do cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs discharged into rivers pose a risk to the environment and human health? An overview and UK case study","volume":"348","author":"Johnson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hydrol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib36","first-page":"189","article-title":"Hospital wastewater genotoxicity","volume":"50","author":"Jolibois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Occup. Hyg."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/0027-5107(90)90058-C","article-title":"Female-specific dominant lethal effects in mice","volume":"230","author":"Katoh","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.03.046","article-title":"Fluorouracil in the environment: analysis, occurrence, degradation and transformation","volume":"1290","author":"Kosjek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chromatogr. A"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14718","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5036-z","article-title":"Acute and sub-chronic toxicity of four cytostatic drugs in zebrafish","volume":"23","author":"Kovacs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.03.025","article-title":"Assessment of toxicity and genotoxicity of low doses of 5-fluorouracil in zebrafish (Danio rerio) two-generation study","volume":"77","author":"Kovacs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2008.12.028","article-title":"Challenge of high polarity and low concentrations in analysis of cytostatics and metabolites in wastewater by hydrophilic interaction chromatography\/tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"1216","author":"Kovalova","year":"2009","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib42","series-title":"Umweltrisikobewertung von Zytostatika","author":"K\u00fcmmer","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib43","series-title":"Dessau-Ro\u00dflau","article-title":"Umweltrisikobewertung von Zytostatika","author":"K\u00fcmmer","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib44","series-title":"Pharmaceuticals in the Environment - Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks","first-page":"1","author":"K\u00fcmmerer","year":"2001"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-014-3902-8","article-title":"Antineoplastic compounds in the environment-substances of special concern","volume":"23","author":"Kummerer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(98)00341-6","article-title":"European hospitals as a source for platinum in the environment in comparison with other sources","volume":"225","author":"Kummerer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-4884-x","article-title":"Prediction and assessment of ecogenotoxicity of antineoplastic drugs in binary mixtures","volume":"23","author":"Kundi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.11.042","article-title":"Toxicity and genotoxicity of the quaternary ammonium compound benzalkonium chloride (BAC) using Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia as model systems","volume":"210","author":"Lavorgna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.828","article-title":"Monitoring, removal and risk assessment of cytostatic drugs in hospital wastewater","volume":"56","author":"Lenz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2014.01.005","article-title":"Prevalence and sunlight photolysis of controlled and chemotherapeutic drugs in aqueous environments","volume":"187","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4104","DOI":"10.1021\/es304976q","article-title":"Phototransformation determines the fate of 5-fluorouracil and cyclophosphamide in natural surface waters","volume":"47","author":"Lin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib52","first-page":"248461","article-title":"Ecotoxicological and genotoxic evaluation of Buenos Aires city (Argentina) hospital wastewater","volume":"2014","author":"Magdaleno","year":"2014","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Toxicol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.6","article-title":"gammaH2AX: a sensitive molecular marker of DNA damage and repair","volume":"24","author":"Mah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.05.051","article-title":"Fate of 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, epirubicin, and daunorubicin in hospital wastewater and their elimination by activated sludge and treatment in a membrane-bio-reactor system","volume":"66","author":"Mahnik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-004-2727-6","article-title":"Determination of 5-fluorouracil in hospital effluents","volume":"380","author":"Mahnik","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib56","series-title":"Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures","first-page":"93","author":"Maron","year":"1984"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3166","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201100461","article-title":"Simultaneous determination of a selected group of cytostatic drugs in water using high-performance liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Sep. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-014-1896-y","article-title":"Occurrence and Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of 14 Cytostatic Drugs in Wastewater","volume":"vol. 225","author":"Mart\u00edn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Air Soil Pollut."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14762","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5837-0","article-title":"Analyses of combined effects of cytostatic drugs on micronucleus formation in the Tradescantia","volume":"23","author":"Misik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.09.012","article-title":"Acute toxic and genotoxic activities of widely used cytostatic drugs in higher plants: possible impact on the environment","volume":"135","author":"Misik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib61","series-title":"Cytostatics in Dutch Surface Water. RIVM Letter Report 2018-0067","author":"Moermond","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(93)90006-9","article-title":"The genetic toxicology of 5-fluoropyrimidines and 5-chlorouracil","volume":"297","author":"Morris","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib63","first-page":"79","article-title":"Genetic structure and diversity of animal populations exposed to metal pollution","volume":"227","author":"Mussali-Galante","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2013.01.031","article-title":"On-line solid phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of 17 cytostatics and metabolites in waste, surface and ground water samples","volume":"1280","author":"Negreira","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.02.131","article-title":"Study of the stability of 26 cytostatic drugs and metabolites in wastewater under different conditions","volume":"482\u2013483","author":"Negreira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/18.3.221","article-title":"What do human micronuclei contain?","volume":"18","author":"Norppa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14751","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-015-5420-8","article-title":"Influence of selected anti-cancer drugs on the induction of DNA double-strand breaks and changes in gene expression in human hepatoma HepG2 cells","volume":"23","author":"Novak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.115","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of anticancer drug residues and their mixtures in experimental model with zebrafish liver cells","volume":"601\u2013602","author":"Novak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.09.129","article-title":"A\u00a0case study to identify priority cytostatic contaminants in hospital effluents","volume":"190","author":"Olalla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-015-1721-3","article-title":"Biomarkers of cytotoxic, genotoxic and apoptotic effects in Cyprinus carpio exposed to complex mixture of contaminants from hospital effluents","volume":"96","author":"Olvera-Nestor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1007\/s10646-016-1735-6","article-title":"Evolutionary toxicology: meta-analysis of evolutionary events in response to chemical stressors","volume":"25","author":"Oziolor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquatox.2014.09.012","article-title":"Toxicity of exposure to binary mixtures of four anti-neoplastic drugs in Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia","volume":"157","author":"Parrella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aquat. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.01.013","article-title":"Acute and chronic toxicity of six anticancer drugs on rotifers and crustaceans","volume":"115","author":"Parrella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2015.01.012","article-title":"Eco-genotoxicity of six anticancer drugs using comet assay in daphnids","volume":"286","author":"Parrella","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.01.010","article-title":"Assessment of genotoxicity and acute toxic effect of the imatinib mesylate in plant bioassays","volume":"115","author":"Pichler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2016.08.003","article-title":"Assessment in situ of genotoxicity in tadpoles and adults of frog Hypsiboas cordobae (Barrio 1965) inhabiting aquatic ecosystems associated to fluorite mine","volume":"133","author":"Pollo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.07.048","article-title":"Gene expression profiles in zebrafish (Danio rerio) liver cells exposed to a mixture of pharmaceuticals at environmentally relevant concentrations","volume":"70","author":"Pomati","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1110(93)90019-J","article-title":"The SOS chromotest: a review","volume":"297","author":"Quillardet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-017-0473-y","article-title":"Benzalkonium chloride and anticancer drugs in binary mixtures: reproductive toxicity and genotoxicity in the freshwater Crustacean Ceriodaphnia dubia","volume":"74","author":"Russo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.06.102","article-title":"Anticancer drugs in Portuguese surface waters - estimation of concentrations and identification of potentially priority drugs","volume":"184","author":"Santos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.270","article-title":"Imatinib: major photocatalytic degradation pathways in aqueous media and the relative toxicity of its transformation products","volume":"655","author":"Secretan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(94)90043-4","article-title":"Germ-cell mutagenicity of etoposide: induction of meiotic micronuclei in cultured rat seminiferous tubules","volume":"323","author":"Sjoblom","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-19761-9","article-title":"Chemotherapy drugs cyclophosphamide, cisplatin and doxorubicin induce germ cell loss in an in\u00a0vitro model of the prepubertal testis","volume":"8","author":"Smart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-2333(97)00084-2","article-title":"Micronuclei as a biological endpoint for genotoxicity: a minireview","volume":"11","author":"Stopper","year":"1997","journal-title":"Toxicol. In\u00a0Vitro"},{"issue":"Suppl.\u00a0l","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1897\/IEAM_2009-073.1","article-title":"Combined environmental risk assessment for 5-fluorouracil and capecitabine in Europe","volume":"6","author":"Straub","year":"2010","journal-title":"Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016677629442","article-title":"Integration of genotoxic and population genetic endpoints in biomonitoring and risk assessment","volume":"10","author":"Theodorakis","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ecotoxicology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2280(2000)35:3<206::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Single cell gel\/comet assay: guidelines for in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo genetic toxicology testing","volume":"35","author":"Tice","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2014.02.001","article-title":"Environmental risk assessment of anti-cancer drugs and their transformation products: a focus on their genotoxicity characterization-state of knowledge and short comings","volume":"760","author":"Toolaram","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib89","first-page":"25","article-title":"Genotoxicity of wastewater from health care facilities","volume":"37","author":"Vlkov\u00e1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.05.127","article-title":"Platinum-based anticancer drugs in waste waters of a major UK hospital and predicted concentrations in recipient surface waters","volume":"493C","author":"Vyas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib91","article-title":"Occurrence, ecotoxicology, and treatment of anticancer agents as water contaminants","volume":"S2","author":"Xie","year":"2012","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2015.01.008","article-title":"Approaches for identifying germ cell mutagens: report of the 2013 IWGT workshop on germ cell assays","volume":"783","author":"Yauk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-009-9884-4","article-title":"A\u00a0preliminary study on the occurrence of cytostatic drugs in hospital effluents in Beijing, China","volume":"84","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2009.02.041","article-title":"Combination of in\u00a0vitro bioassays for the determination of cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of wastewater, surface water and drinking water samples","volume":"75","author":"Zegura","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.12.061","article-title":"Removal of cytostatic drugs from aquatic environment: a review","volume":"445\u2013446","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.1897\/07-137R.1","article-title":"Ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment of cytostatic pharmaceuticals","volume":"26","author":"Zounkova","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135419307274?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135419307274?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T02:13:28Z","timestamp":1758593608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135419307274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"references-count":96,"alternative-id":["S0043135419307274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Environmental risk assessment of widely used anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, etoposide, imatinib mesylate)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114953","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"114953"}}