{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T19:55:39Z","timestamp":1792180539031,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,1]],"date-time":"2020-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580515200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005612","name":"Water Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005612","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,14]],"date-time":"2019-10-14T12:10:30Z","timestamp":1571055030000},"page":"115178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Pilot testing of direct and indirect potable water reuse using multi-stage ozone-biofiltration without reverse osmosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"169","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denise","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kati","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morayo","family":"Noibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Vickstrom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eddie","family":"Machek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3786-094X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ching-Hua","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.04.048","article-title":"Quantifying pathogen risks associated with potable reuse: a risk assessment case study for Cryptosporidium","volume":"119","author":"Amoueyan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib2","series-title":"Strategies to Control Bromate and Bromide","author":"Amy","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib3","series-title":"Microbiological Risk Assessment of the Water Reclamation Plant of Windhoek, Namibia","author":"Ander","year":"2011"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/01919512.2012.713834","article-title":"bromate formation in ozone and advanced oxidation processes","volume":"34","author":"Arvai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ozone: Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.05.059","article-title":"Pathogen reduction requirements for direct potable reuse in Antarctica: evaluating human health risks in small communities","volume":"461\u2013462","author":"Barker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1039\/C5EW00186B","article-title":"Demonstrating organic contaminant removal in an ozone-based water reuse process at full scale","volume":"2","author":"Blackbeard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1988.tb03103.x","article-title":"Biological processes in drinking water treatment","volume":"80","author":"Bouwer","year":"1988","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5187","DOI":"10.1021\/es0352146","article-title":"Enhanced bromate control during ozonation: the chlorine-ammonia process","volume":"38","author":"Buffle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib9","series-title":"Recycled Water Policy, Attachment A. Requirements for Monitoring Emerging Constituents\/Constituents of Emerging Concern for Recycled Water","author":"California State Water Resources Control Board","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib10","series-title":"Surface Water Augmentation Using Recycled Water. SBDDW-16-02","author":"California State Water Resources Control Board","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(95)00304-5","article-title":"Wastewater derived interferences in cyanide analysis","volume":"31","author":"Carr","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.10.022","article-title":"Biodegradability of DBP precursors after drinking water ozonation","volume":"106","author":"de Vera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib13","series-title":"Rejection of Wastewater-Derived Micropollutants in High-Pressure Membrane Applications Leading to Indirect Potable Reuse","author":"Drewes","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib14","first-page":"79","article-title":"Direct reclamation of potable water at Windhoek\u2019s Goreangab reclamation plant","volume":"188","author":"du Pisani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Desalin. Integr. Concepts Water Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2006.tb07824.x","article-title":"Effects of media, backwash, and temperature on full-scale biological filtration","volume":"98","author":"Emelko","year":"2006","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib16","article-title":"Long Term 2 enhanced surface water treatment Rule (LT2ESWTR) toolbox guidance manual","year":"2010","journal-title":"Office of Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib17","series-title":"Potable Reuse Compendium. EPA\/810\/R-17\/002. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water","author":"EPA","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib18","series-title":"2018 Edition of the Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories Tables","author":"EPA","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib19","series-title":"A\u00a0Monitoring And Control Toolbox for Biological Filtration. Project WRF 4231","author":"Evans","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.06.073","article-title":"Removal of disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors in water by two-stage biofiltration treatment","volume":"123","author":"Fu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib21","series-title":"Ozone Biofiltration Direct Potable Reuse Testing At Gwinnett County. Project Reuse 15-11\/4777","author":"Funk","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.12.031","article-title":"Pilot-scale evaluation of ozone and biological activated carbon for trace organic contaminant mitigation and disinfection","volume":"45","author":"Gerrity","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1080\/01919512.2013.866886","article-title":"Applicability of ozone and biological activated carbon for potable reuse","volume":"36","author":"Gerrity","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ozone Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.023","article-title":"Microbial community characterization of ozone-biofiltration systems in drinking water and potable reuse applications","volume":"135","author":"Gerrity","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib25","series-title":"Bromate Formation and Control during Ozonation of Low Bromide Waters","author":"Gillogly","year":"2001"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E364","DOI":"10.5942\/jawwa.2015.107.0086","article-title":"Emerging contaminant removal by biofiltration: temperature, concentration, and EBCT impacts","volume":"107","author":"Hall\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAWWA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib27","series-title":"Guidance Manual for Monitoring Biological Filtration of Drinking Water. Project WRF 4620","author":"Hooper","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib28","series-title":"Optimizing Filtration in Biological Filters. Project WRF 252","author":"Huck","year":"2000"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1080\/01919510701643732","article-title":"Modeling bromate formation during ozonation","volume":"29","author":"Jarvis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ozone: Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2014.095","article-title":"N-nitrosamines, emerging disinfection by-products of health concern: an overview of occurrence, mechanisms of formation, control and analysis in water","volume":"15","author":"Kadmi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib31","series-title":"Occurrence, Impacts, and Removal of Manganese in Biofiltration Processes. Project WRF 4021","author":"Kohl","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1080\/01919512.2014.875765","article-title":"N-nitrosodimethylamine formation from hydrazine compounds on ozonation","volume":"36","author":"Kosaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ozone Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2166\/wrd.2017.172","article-title":"Direct potable reuse \u2013 a feasible water management option","volume":"8","author":"Lahnsteiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Water Reuse Desalination."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib34","series-title":"Optimizing Biofiltration for Various Source Water Qualities. Project WRF 4555","author":"Lauderdale","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib35","series-title":"An Operational Definition of Biostability in Drinking Water. Project WRF 4312","author":"LeChevallier","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.11.069","article-title":"Ozone and biofiltration as an alternative to reverse osmosis for removing PPCPs and micropollutants from treated wastewater","volume":"46","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01622a014","article-title":"The decomposition of hypochlorite-hypobromite mixtures in the pH range 7\u201310","volume":"77","author":"Lewin","year":"1954","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-015-0770-5","article-title":"Combined process of biofiltration and ozone oxidation as an advanced treatment process for wastewater reuse","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11054","DOI":"10.1021\/es3021793","article-title":"Enhanced bromate formation during chlorination of bromide-containing waters in the presence of CuO: catalytic disproportionation of hypobromous acid","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.06.010","article-title":"Chlorination of bromide-containing waters: enhanced bromate formation in the presence of synthetic metal oxides and deposits formed in drinking water distribution systems","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.10.044","article-title":"Enhancing the biofiltration of geosmin by seeding sand filter columns with a consortium of geosmin-degrading bacteria","volume":"43","author":"McDowall","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1999.tb08715.x","article-title":"Using the Chlorite Ion to Control Nitrification.","volume":"91","author":"McGuire","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAWWA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1958.tb15696.x","article-title":"Emergency use of reclaimed water for potable supply at Chanute, kan. [with discussion]","volume":"50","author":"Metzler","year":"1958","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib43","series-title":"Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals-Health Effects. Document NSF\/ANSI 60-2013","first-page":"170","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib44","series-title":"Water Environment Federation Technical Exhibition and Conference. 61\u201470","first-page":"4957","article-title":"Factors affecting cyanide generation in chlorinated wastewater effluent matrix","author":"Pandit","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.200620170","article-title":"New aspects of microbial nitrogen transformations in the context of wastewater treatment \u2013 a review","volume":"7","author":"Paredes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib46","first-page":"E425","article-title":"Full-scale ozone\u2013biofiltration: seasonally related effects on NOM removal","volume":"107","author":"Pharand","year":"2015","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2525","DOI":"10.1021\/es001502f","article-title":"Bromate minimization during ozonation: mechanistic considerations","volume":"35","author":"Pinkernell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.01.030","article-title":"Removal of micropollutants during tertiary wastewater treatment by biofiltration: role of nitrifiers and removal mechanisms","volume":"54","author":"Rattier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.11.026","article-title":"Behaviour and biodegradation of sulfonamides (p-TSA, o-TSA, BSA) during drinking water treatment","volume":"71","author":"Richter","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1984.tb05427.x","article-title":"Achieving biologically stable drinking water","volume":"76","author":"Rittmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib51","series-title":"Fit for Purpose Water: the Cost of Overtreating Reclaimed Water","author":"Schimmoller","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10308","DOI":"10.1021\/es5011658","article-title":"N-nitrosodimethylamine formation upon ozonation and identification of precursors source in a municipal wastewater treatment plant","volume":"48","author":"Sgroi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib53","first-page":"3","article-title":"Evaluation of microbiological risks associated with direct potable reuse","volume":"5","author":"Soller","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.034","article-title":"Direct potable reuse microbial risk assessment methodology: sensitivity analysis and application to state log credit allocations","volume":"128","author":"Soller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.02.026","article-title":"Options and limitations for bromate control during ozonation of wastewater","volume":"116","author":"Soltermann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib56","series-title":"Memorandum in: Ozone Biofiltration Direct Potable Reuse Testing at Gwinnett County. Project Reuse 15-11\/4777","article-title":"Risk assessment and peer review of direct potable reuse (DPR) pilot scheme","author":"Stanford","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib57","series-title":"Controlling Trace Organic Compounds Using Alternative, Non-FAT Technology for Potable Water Reuse. Project Reuse 13-10","author":"Stanford","year":"2017"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.2175\/106143012X13373550426995","article-title":"Interlaboratory study of free cyanide methods compared to total cyanide measurements and the effect of preservation with sodium hydroxide for secondary- and tertiary-treated waste water samples","volume":"84","author":"Stanley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib59","series-title":"Removal And Fate of EDCs And PPCPs in Bank Filtration Systems. Project WRF 3136","author":"Storck","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2018.06.162","article-title":"A\u00a0pilot-scale investigation of disinfection by-product precursors and trace organic removal mechanisms in ozone-biologically activated carbon treatment for potable reuse","volume":"210","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib61","series-title":"Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. Session 310 through 319","first-page":"1997","article-title":"Ozone-biofiltration design and operational considerations for potable reuse projects","author":"Sundaram","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2007.07.016","article-title":"Biological manganese removal from potable water using trickling filters","volume":"38","author":"Tekerlekopoulou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib63","first-page":"121","article-title":"Control of biological iron removal from drinking water using oxidation-reduction potential","volume":"38","author":"Tremblay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol., Water Quality International \u201998"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2720","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b06897","article-title":"Evaluation of enhanced ozone\u2013biologically active filtration treatment for the removal of 1,4-dioxane and disinfection byproduct precursors from wastewater effluent","volume":"53","author":"Vatankhah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(02)00458-X","article-title":"Ozonation of drinking wwater: Part II. Disinfection and by-product formation in the presence of bromide, iodide or chlorine","volume":"37","author":"von Gunten","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3104","DOI":"10.1021\/es026400z","article-title":"Bromate in chlorinated drinking Waters:\u2009 occurrence and implications for future regulation","volume":"37","author":"Weinberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1080\/01919510701552883","article-title":"Pilot-scale and full-scale evaluation of the chlorine-ammonia process for bromate control during ozonation","volume":"29","author":"Wert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ozone: Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.028","article-title":"Biofiltration for removal of BOM and residual ammonia following control of bromate formation","volume":"42","author":"Wert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib69","first-page":"E302","article-title":"Effect of ozone dissolution systems on ozone exposure and bromate fomation","volume":"109","author":"Wert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J.\u00a0AWWA (Am. Water Works Assoc.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib70","series-title":"Ozone-Enhanced Biofiltration for Geosmin and MIB Removal","author":"Westerhoff","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib71","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse","volume":"178","author":"Wintgens","year":"2005","journal-title":"Desali. Membranes Drinking Ind. Water Produc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8315","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-1393-8","article-title":"The recent development of advanced wastewater treatment by ozone and biological aerated filter","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib73","series-title":"AWWA Water Quality Technology Conference & Exposition, Cincinnati, OH, Nov 16-20, 2008","article-title":"Antibiotics in slow-rate biofiltration processes: biosorption kinetics and equilibrium","author":"Wunder","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S1001-0742(08)60038-8","article-title":"Bromate ion formation in dark chlorination and ultraviolet\/chlorination processes for bromide-containing water","volume":"20","author":"Xin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.07.026","article-title":"Occurrence and removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in an advanced wastewater reclamation plant","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9412","DOI":"10.1021\/es301428e","article-title":"Removal of trace organic micropollutants by drinking water biological filters","volume":"46","author":"Zearley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135419309522?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135419309522?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T02:13:47Z","timestamp":1758593627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135419309522"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"references-count":77,"alternative-id":["S0043135419309522"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pilot testing of direct and indirect potable water reuse using multi-stage ozone-biofiltration without reverse osmosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115178","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115178"}}