{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T16:50:51Z","timestamp":1793724651449,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013334","name":"CRC CARE","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001771","name":"University of Newcastle, Australia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001771","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T00:21:29Z","timestamp":1582935689000},"page":"115658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":305,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Identification and visualisation of microplastics\/nanoplastics by Raman imaging (i): Down to 100\u00a0nm"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"174","author":[{"given":"Zahra","family":"Sobhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Gibson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ravi","family":"Naidu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallavarapu","family":"Megharaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05559","article-title":"Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments: aggregation, deposition, and enhanced contaminant transport","volume":"52","author":"Alimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.01.082","article-title":"The plastic in microplastics: a review","volume":"119","author":"Andrady","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.05.060","article-title":"Identification of microplastics using Raman spectroscopy: latest developments and future prospects","volume":"142","author":"Araujo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib4","series-title":"Effects, and Fate of Microplastic Marine Debris, September 9-11, 2008","article-title":"Proceedings of the international research workshop on the occurrence","author":"Arthur","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib5","series-title":"Marine Anthropogenic Litter","first-page":"229","author":"Browne","year":"2015"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13279","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03438","article-title":"Comparison of Raman and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for the quantification of microplastics in the aquatic environment","volume":"52","author":"Cabernard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b01517","article-title":"Human consumption of microplastics","volume":"53","author":"Cox","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7277","DOI":"10.1021\/es900249m","article-title":"Characterizing manufactured nanoparticles in the environment: multimethod determination of particle sizes","volume":"43","author":"Domingos","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/msp-2015-0067","article-title":"Study of CVD diamond layers with amorphous carbon admixture by Raman scattering spectroscopy","volume":"33","author":"Dychalska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Pol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.02.012","article-title":"Microplastics in freshwater systems: a review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs","volume":"75","author":"Eerkes-Medrano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2034116","article-title":"Breaking the diffraction limit with dynamic saturation optical microscopy","volume":"87","author":"Enderlein","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.09.027","article-title":"Abundance, size and polymer composition of marine microplastics \u226510\u03bcm in the Atlantic Ocean and their modelled vertical distribution","volume":"100","author":"Enders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13641","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b04512","article-title":"Lost, but found with Nile red: a novel method for detecting and quantifying small microplastics (1 mm to 20 \u03bcm) in environmental samples","volume":"51","author":"Erni-Cassola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.1408","article-title":"Forensic analysis of automotive paints by Raman spectroscopy","volume":"36","author":"Gelder","year":"2005","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Raman Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.01.024","article-title":"Current opinion: what is a nanoplastic?","volume":"235","author":"Gigault","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib16","article-title":"Quantification of carbon contamination under electron beam irradiation in a scanning transmission electron microscope and its suppression by plasma cleaning","volume":"241","author":"Griffiths","year":"2010","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Phys. Conf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b05297","article-title":"Are we speaking the same language? Recommendations for a definition and categorization framework for plastic debris","volume":"53","author":"Hartmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib18","series-title":"Aquatic Ecotoxicity Testing of Nanoplastics-Lessons Learned from Nanoecotoxicology","first-page":"43","author":"Hartmann","year":"2016"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12300","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.9b02540","article-title":"Plastic teabags release billions of microparticles and nanoparticles into tea","volume":"53","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.7b00187","article-title":"Are there nanoplastics in your personal care products?","volume":"4","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201606957","article-title":"Microplastic in aquatic ecosystems","volume":"56","author":"Ivleva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spc.2017.11.003","article-title":"Occurrence of microplastics and its pollution in the environment: a review","volume":"13","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainable Production and Consumption"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1021\/la960046z","article-title":"Film formation of acrylic latices with varying concentrations of non-film-forming latex particles","volume":"12","author":"Keddie","year":"1996","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.02.054","article-title":"Microplastics in freshwaters and drinking water: critical review and assessment of data quality","volume":"155","author":"Koelmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0194970","article-title":"Anthropogenic contamination of tap water, beer, and sea salt","volume":"13","author":"Kosuth","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2019.105370","article-title":"Fabrication and characterization of polypropylene aerogel material and aerogel coated hybrid materials for oil-water separation applications","volume":"137","author":"Lang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coating"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.4147","article-title":"Nanomaterials in the environment: behavior, fate, bioavailability, and effects\u2014an updated review","volume":"37","author":"Lead","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3173","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR09321K","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of polystyrene nanoplastics and their effect on the toxicity of Au ions in zebrafish embryos","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib29","series-title":"Biodegradable Polymers","first-page":"1","author":"Lenz","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib30","series-title":"Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology","first-page":"1","author":"Lewandowska","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2014.945099","article-title":"Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers","volume":"31","author":"Liebezeit","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392012005000108","article-title":"Effect of impurities on the Raman scattering of 6H-SiC crystals","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"issue":"5819","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1137368","article-title":"Far-field optical hyperlens magnifying sub-diffraction-limited objects","volume":"315","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib34","series-title":"Marine Anthropogenic Litter","first-page":"201","author":"L\u00f6der","year":"2015"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1021\/es5053655","article-title":"Altered behavior, physiology, and metabolism in fish exposed to polystyrene nanoparticles","volume":"49","author":"Mattsson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10813-0","article-title":"Brain damage and behavioural disorders in fish induced by plastic nanoparticles delivered through the food chain","volume":"7","author":"Mattsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2006.06.014","article-title":"Do nanoparticles present ecotoxicological risks for the health of the aquatic environment?","volume":"32","author":"Moore","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.01.341","article-title":"An overview of microplastic and nanoplastic pollution in agroecosystems","volume":"627","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib39","first-page":"157","article-title":"Superresolution microscopy for bioimaging at the nanoscale: from concepts to applications in the nucleus","author":"Nollmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Biol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7021","article-title":"Manufactured nanomaterials (fullerenes, C60) induce oxidative stress in the brain of juvenile largemouth bass","volume":"112","author":"Oberd\u00f6rster","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6709","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.9b00222","article-title":"Analysis and prevention of microplastics pollution in water: current perspectives and future directions","volume":"4","author":"Pic\u00f3","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1590\/S1516-14392013005000042","article-title":"Microstructural and topographic characterization of concrete protected by acrylic paint","volume":"16","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mater. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.11.011","article-title":"Analysis of microplastics in water by micro-Raman spectroscopy: release of plastic particles from different packaging into mineral water","volume":"129","author":"Schymanski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10853-015-9528-5","article-title":"The characterization and effects of microstructure on the appearance of platelet\u2013polymer composite coatings","volume":"51","author":"Seubert","year":"2016","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Sci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1149\/1.2086826","article-title":"Growth and properties of LPCVD titanium nitride as a diffusion barrier for silicon device technology","volume":"137","author":"Sherman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2019.05.021","article-title":"Identification and visualisation of microplastics by Raman mapping","volume":"1077","author":"Sobhani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib47","unstructured":"Fang, C., Sobhani, Z., Zhang, X., Gibson, C., Youhong, T. and Naidu, R. (to-be-submitted) Identification and Visualisation of Microplastics\/Nanoplastics by Raman Imaging (Ii): Smaller than the Diffraction Limit of Laser?."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.01.015","article-title":"A\u00a0comparison of microscopic and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples","volume":"93","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6032","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.5b00495","article-title":"Identification and quantification of microplastics in wastewater using focal plane array-based reflectance micro-FT-IR imaging","volume":"87","author":"Tagg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1557\/PROC-498-37","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy of amorphous carbon","volume":"498","author":"Tallant","year":"1997","journal-title":"MRS Proc."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib51","first-page":"1205","article-title":"A\u00a0powerful tool for material identification: Raman spectroscopy","volume":"5","author":"Va\u0161kov\u00e1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Math. Model Methods Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115082","article-title":"Does mechanical stress cause microplastic release from plastic water bottles?","volume":"166","author":"Winkler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1021\/ac102963x","article-title":"Nanochromatography driven by the coffee ring effect","volume":"83","author":"Wong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00423","article-title":"Plastic and human health: a micro issue?","volume":"51","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4146","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ta01073a","article-title":"Long-lived superhydrophobic surfaces","volume":"1","author":"Xue","year":"2013","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Mater. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1039\/C4AY02637C","article-title":"Tungsten oxide nanowires for chemical detection","volume":"7","author":"Zappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Analytical Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5095","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.6b00337","article-title":"Near-field Raman spectroscopy with aperture tips","volume":"117","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2141","article-title":"Superlenses to overcome the diffraction limit","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135420301949?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135420301949?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T02:48:21Z","timestamp":1758595701000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135420301949"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0043135420301949"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Identification and visualisation of microplastics\/nanoplastics by Raman imaging (i): Down to 100\u00a0nm","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115658","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"115658"}}