{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T07:07:51Z","timestamp":1774940871136,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"EPSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,10]],"date-time":"2021-03-10T19:25:46Z","timestamp":1615404346000},"page":"117033","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":215,"special_numbering":"C","title":["An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"196","author":[{"given":"G.L.","family":"Sullivan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Delgado-Gallardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"T.M.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3866-1026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Sarp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd9925","article-title":"Accumulation of plastic waste during COVID-19","volume":"369","author":"Adyel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0002","first-page":"159","article-title":"Surgical face masks as a potential source for microplastic pollution in the COVID-19 scenario","author":"Aragaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barto\u0161ov\u00e1, A., Blinov\u00e1, L., Sirotiak, M., Michal\u00edkov\u00e1, A., 2017. Usage of FTIR-ATR as non-destructive analysis of selected toxic dyes 25, 103\u2013111.","DOI":"10.1515\/rput-2017-0012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138707","article-title":"Zebrafish: an emerging model to study microplastic and nanoplastic toxicity","volume":"728","author":"Bhagat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0005","article-title":"Atmospheric micro and nanoplastics: an enormous microscopic problem","volume":"12","author":"Bianco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8932","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b01090","article-title":"Potential health impact of environmentally released micro- and nanoplastics in the human food production chain: experiences from nanotoxicology","volume":"49","author":"Bouwmeester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0007","first-page":"23","article-title":"FTIR and thermal studies on nylon-66 and 30% glass fibre reinforced nylon-66","volume":"6","author":"Charles","year":"2009","journal-title":"E-J. Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0008","first-page":"1","article-title":"Interpretation of infrared spectra, a practical approach","author":"Coates","year":"2006","journal-title":"Encycl. Anal. Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0009","first-page":"737","article-title":"Covid-19 face masks: a potential source of microplastic fibers in the environment","author":"Fadare","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.908927","article-title":"Toxic effects of lead on neuronal development and function","volume":"89","author":"Freedman","year":"1990","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2012.02.001","article-title":"The toxicological mode of action and the safety of synthetic amorphous silica-a nanostructured material","volume":"294","author":"Fruijtier-P\u00f6lloth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10354-012-0074-3","article-title":"The role of the placenta in fetal exposure to heavy metals","volume":"162","author":"Gundacker","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014","article-title":"An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling","volume":"344","author":"Hahladakis","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0014","first-page":"1","article-title":"Digestion , testing , and validation of heavy metals in cannabis","author":"Hineman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Perkin Elmer Appl. note"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2017.12.061","article-title":"Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms","volume":"127","author":"Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0016","article-title":"Valorization of disposable COVID-19 mask through the thermo-chemical process","author":"Jung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.impact.2017.05.003","article-title":"Comparative environmental fate and toxicity of copper nanomaterials","volume":"7","author":"Keller","year":"2017","journal-title":"NanoImpact"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136050","article-title":"Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity on aquatic life: determining factors","volume":"709","author":"K\u00f6gel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biori.2019.09.001","article-title":"Effects of textile dyes on health and the environment and bioremediation potential of living organisms","volume":"3","author":"Lellis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Res. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2006.10.004","article-title":"In vitro toxicity of silica nanoparticles in human lung cancer cells","volume":"217","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1039\/C6AY02415G","article-title":"Sampling, isolating and identifying microplastics ingested by fish and invertebrates","volume":"9","author":"Lusher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-020-00486-z","article-title":"Acute cytotoxic effects of silica microparticles used for coating of plastic blood-collection tubes on human periosteal cells","volume":"108","author":"Masuki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-017-1993-y","article-title":"Toxicology of silica nanoparticles: an update","volume":"91","author":"Murugadoss","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4350","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00539H","article-title":"Micro- And nanoplastics-current state of knowledge with the focus on oral uptake and toxicity","volume":"2","author":"Paul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-020-00358-y","article-title":"The plastic brain: neurotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics","volume":"17","author":"Pr\u00fcst","year":"2020","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18003","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-05073-6","article-title":"Copper environmental toxicology, recent advances, and future outlook: a review","volume":"26","author":"Rehman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2015.01.015","article-title":"A comparison of microscopic and spectroscopic identification methods for analysis of microplastics in environmental samples","volume":"93","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126179","article-title":"Detection of trace sub-micron (nano) plastics in water samples using pyrolysis-gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry (PY-GCToF)","volume":"249","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/640271","article-title":"Determination of metal contents of various fibers used in textile industry by MP-AES","author":"Sungur","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Spectrosc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0030","series-title":"Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology, Experientia Supplementum","author":"Tchounwou","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2019.1583381","article-title":"Review of micro- and nanoplastic contamination in the food chain","volume":"36","author":"Toussaint","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. - Part A Chem. Anal. Control. Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jasms.2006.01.008","article-title":"Cyclic Polyamide oligomers extracted from nylon 66 membrane filter disks as a source of contamination in liquid chromatography\/mass spectrometry","volume":"17","author":"Tran","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0033","first-page":"10","article-title":"Airborne transmission of covid-19","volume":"370","author":"Wilson","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compscitech.2004.09.004","article-title":"Silica nanoparticles filled polypropylene: effects of particle surface treatment, matrix ductility and particle species on mechanical performance of the composites","volume":"65","author":"Wu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Compos. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12989-018-0263-3","article-title":"Silica nanoparticles induce neurodegeneration-like changes in behavior, neuropathology, and affect synapse through MAPK activation","volume":"15","author":"You","year":"2018","journal-title":"Part. Fibre Toxicol."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135421002311?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135421002311?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T03:50:31Z","timestamp":1758599431000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135421002311"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["S0043135421002311"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"An investigation into the leaching of micro and nano particles and chemical pollutants from disposable face masks - linked to the COVID-19 pandemic","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117033","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117033"}}