{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T21:36:37Z","timestamp":1793309797979,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,1]],"date-time":"2021-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627776000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006222","name":"United States - India Educational Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FP-91778201-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FP-91778201-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006222","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000139","name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000139","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,29]],"date-time":"2021-05-29T20:26:52Z","timestamp":1622320012000},"page":"117301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Microbial water quality improvement associated with transitioning from intermittent to continuous water supply in Nagpur, India"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"201","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9385-2138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Bivins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Lowry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sonal","family":"Wankhede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajashree","family":"Hajare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather M.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Borchardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawan","family":"Labhasetwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5200-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joe","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.02.009","article-title":"Microbial contamination of the drinking water distribution system and its impact on human health in Khan Yunis Governorate, Gaza Strip: Seven years of monitoring (2000-2006)","volume":"122","author":"Abu Amr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0002","article-title":"Piped water supply interruptions and acute diarrhea among under-five children in Addis Ababa slums, Ethiopia: a matched case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Adane","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0003","first-page":"205","article-title":"Microbiological quality of riyadh water supplies and effect of intermittent water supply on the bacterial quality in the water distribution network","volume":"4","author":"Alabdula'aly","year":"2017","journal-title":"IJISET - Int. J. Innov. Sci. Eng. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.3390\/w11040670","article-title":"Impacts of intermittent water supply on water quality in two palestinian refugee camps","volume":"11","author":"Alazzeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0005","article-title":"Outbreak of acute diarrhoeal disease attributed to consumption of faecal contaminated water supplied through damaged pipelines in Thiruper, Tiruvallur district, Tamil Nadu, India, 2016","volume":"10","author":"Anandan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol. Glob. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.2007.tb08011.x","article-title":"Performance of water distribution systems during intermittent versus continuous water supply","volume":"99","author":"Andey","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Water Work. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0007","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","article-title":"4500-Cl CHLORINE (RESIDUAL) G. DPD colorimetric method","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0008","series-title":"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater","article-title":"2510 Conductivity","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0009","series-title":"Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2019.04.003","article-title":"Understanding the impacts of intermittent supply on the drinking water microbiome","volume":"57","author":"Bautista-de los Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0011","series-title":"Droplet Digital PCR Applications Guide","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-020-00081-3","article-title":"Waterborne pathogen monitoring in Jaipur, India reveals potential microbial risks of urban groundwater supply","volume":"3","author":"Bivins","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Clean Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0013","first-page":"5043","article-title":"Selecting household water treatment options on the basis of world health organization performance testing protocols","volume":"53","author":"Bivins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Manuscr. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7542","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01014","article-title":"Estimating infection risks and the global burden of diarrheal disease attributable to intermittent water supply using QMRA","volume":"51","author":"Bivins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12010","article-title":"Relative benefits of on-plot water supply over other \u201cimproved\u201d sources in rural Vietnam","volume":"18","author":"Brown","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0016","series-title":"IS 10500:2012 Indian Standard Drinking Water-Specification","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2018.04.011","article-title":"From intermittent to continuous service: costs, benefits, equity and sustainability of water system reforms in Hubli-Dharwad","volume":"109","author":"Burt","year":"2018","journal-title":"India. World Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(01)00749-5","article-title":"Infection transmission system models for microbial risk assessment","volume":"274","author":"Chick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2003.0094","article-title":"Controlling water quality in intermittent supply systems","volume":"3","author":"Coelho","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0020","series-title":"India Human Development Survey (IHDS)","author":"Desai","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1964.10490181","article-title":"Multiple comparisons using rank sums","volume":"6","author":"Dunn","year":"1964","journal-title":"Technometrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2011.064","article-title":"Deterioration in water quality from supply chain to household and appropriate storage in the context of intermittent water supplies","volume":"11","author":"Elala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001892","article-title":"Upgrading a piped water supply from intermittent to continuous delivery and association with waterborne illness: a matched cohort study in urban India","volume":"12","author":"Ercumen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1306912","article-title":"Water distribution system deficiencies and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"122","author":"Ercumen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.02.009","article-title":"Water quality effects of intermittent water supply in Arraij\u00e1n","volume":"114","author":"Erickson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Panama. Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0464","article-title":"A longitudinal study of household water, sanitation, and hygiene characteristics and environmental enteropathy markers in children less than 24 months in Iquitos","volume":"98","author":"Exum","year":"2018","journal-title":"Peru. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0027","article-title":"Intermittent domestic water supply: a critical review and analysis of causal-consequential pathways","volume":"8","author":"Galaitsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2016.1240808","article-title":"Changing from intermittent to continuous water supply and its influence on service level benchmarks: a case study in the demonstration zone of Nagpur","volume":"14","author":"Hastak","year":"2017","journal-title":"India. Urban Water J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0001256","article-title":"Limitations of E. coli monitoring for confirmation of contamination in distribution systems due to intrusion under low pressure conditions in the presence of disinfectants","volume":"146","author":"Hatam","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Water Resour. Plan. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens4020335","article-title":"Development of a nucleic acid extraction procedure for simultaneous recovery of DNA and RNA from diverse microbes in water","volume":"4","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cam.2017.04.025","article-title":"Gradual transition from intermittent to continuous water supply based on multi-criteria optimization for network sector selection","volume":"330","author":"Ilaya-Ayza","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4461","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b04208","article-title":"Model-Based Classification for Digital PCR: Your Umbrella for Rain","volume":"89","author":"Jacobs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001893","article-title":"Water supply interruptions and suspected cholera incidence: a time-series regression in the Democratic Republic of the Congo","volume":"12","author":"Jeandron","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-013-3412-z","article-title":"Assessment of deterioration in water quality from source to household storage in semi-urban settings of developing countries","volume":"186","author":"John","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0035","first-page":"10","article-title":"Dry pipes: associations between utility performance and intermittent piped water supply in low and middle income countries","author":"Kaminsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water (Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.56.5.1423-1428.1990","article-title":"Effects of ozone, chlorine dioxide, chlorine, and monochloramine on Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst viability","volume":"56","author":"Korich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1952.10483441","article-title":"Use of ranks in one-criterion variance analysis","volume":"47","author":"Kruskal","year":"1952","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0766","article-title":"Urban water services in Fragile States: An analysis of drinking water sources and quality in port Harcourt, Nigeria, and Monrovia, Liberia","volume":"95","author":"Kumpel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.05.058","article-title":"Comparing microbial water quality in an intermittent and continuous piped water supply","volume":"47","author":"Kumpel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051361","article-title":"Intermittent water supply management, household adaptation, and drinking water quality: a comparative study in two chinese provinces","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31529-X","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to identify causes of diarrhoea in children: a reanalysis of the GEMS case-control study","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177730491","article-title":"On a test of whether one of two random variables is stochastically larger than the other","volume":"18","author":"Mann","year":"1947","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0043","unstructured":"Matsinhe, N.P., Ju\u00edzo, D.L., Persson, K.M., 2014. The effects of intermittent supply and household storage in the quality of drinking water in maputo F\u00f6r\u00e4ndringar i dricksvattenkvalitet i Maputo p\u00e5 grund av intermittent f\u00f6rs\u00f6rjning och tanklagring i hush\u00e5llen 51\u201360."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.2166\/wp.2009.056","article-title":"Urban water supply in India: status, reform options and possible lessons","volume":"11","author":"McKenzie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0045","series-title":"Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0046","series-title":"Unaffordable and Undrinkable: Rethinking Urban Water Access in the Global South","author":"Mitlin","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2012.10.001","article-title":"Recovery of diverse microbes in high turbidity surface water samples using dead-end ultrafiltration","volume":"91","author":"Mull","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-024840","article-title":"Rotavirus vaccine impact assessment surveillance in India: protocol and methods","volume":"9","author":"Nair","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0049","series-title":"Indicators for Waterborne Pathogens","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-014-3802-x","article-title":"Implementation of water safety plan for a large-piped water supply system","volume":"186","author":"Nijhawan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0245910","article-title":"The utility of Escherichia coli as a contamination indicator for rural drinking water: Evidence from whole genome sequencing","volume":"16","author":"Nowicki","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.2166\/ws.2016.106","article-title":"Performance and productivity measurement of urban water supply services in India","volume":"17","author":"Nyathikala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1139\/w99-063","article-title":"Poor efficacy of residual chlorine disinfectant in drinking water to inactivate waterborne pathogens in distribution systems","volume":"45","author":"Payment","year":"1999","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-7778-9_2","article-title":"Basic concepts and validation of digital PCR measurements","volume":"1768","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30349-8","article-title":"Use of quantitative molecular diagnostic methods to assess the aetiology, burden, and clinical characteristics of diarrhoea in children in low-resource settings: a reanalysis of the MAL-ED cohort study","author":"Platts-Mills","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010067","article-title":"Bacterial contamination of drinking water in Guadalajara","volume":"16","author":"Rubino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mexico. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0057","first-page":"806","article-title":"Managing water quality in intermittent supply systems: the case of Mukono Town","volume":"12","author":"Sakomoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Uganda. Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11159\/icepr19.187","article-title":"Bacteriological quality of drinking water and diarrhoeal outcome among under five children in resettlement colony","author":"Sangma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Delhi. Proc. 5th World Congr. New Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12229","article-title":"Water quality risks of \u2018improved\u2019 water sources: evidence from Cambodia","volume":"19","author":"Shaheed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Heal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5284","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00456-09","article-title":"Dead-end hollow-fiber ultrafiltration for recovery of diverse microbes from water","volume":"75","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl Env. Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2307\/1412159","article-title":"The proof and measurement of association between two things","volume":"15","author":"Spearman","year":"1904","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.03.026","article-title":"Determining the 95 % limit of detection for waterborne pathogen analyses from primary concentration to qPCR","volume":"96","author":"Stokdyk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5217","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR024124","article-title":"Demand satisfaction as a framework for understanding intermittent water supply systems","volume":"55","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0196887","article-title":"Analytical scaling relations to evaluate leakage and intrusion in intermittent water supply systems","volume":"13","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-017-1054-6","article-title":"Water system unreliability and diarrhea incidence among children in Guatemala","volume":"63","author":"Trudeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0066","series-title":"Method 1604: Total Coliforms and Escherichia Coli in Water by Membrane Filtration Using a Simultaneous Detection Technique (MI Medium)","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"USEPA, 1993. Method 180.1: determination of turbidity by Nephelometry. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0019-0578(93)90075-8.","DOI":"10.1016\/0019-0578(93)90075-8"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0068","unstructured":"WHO, 2018. Strengthening operations & maintenance through water safety planning: a collection of case studies."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1927.10502953","article-title":"Probable inference, the law of succession, and statistical inference","volume":"22","author":"Wilson","year":"1927","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0070","series-title":"Country Profile India [WWW Document]. IBNET Int. Benchmarking Netw","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301_bib0071","series-title":"Running Water in India's Cities\u00a0: A Review of Five Recent Public-Private Partnership Initiatives","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135421004991?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135421004991?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T03:56:25Z","timestamp":1758599785000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135421004991"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["S0043135421004991"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Microbial water quality improvement associated with transitioning from intermittent to continuous water supply in Nagpur, India","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117301","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117301"}}