{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:43:53Z","timestamp":1792547033268,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T14:26:36Z","timestamp":1652019996000},"page":"118561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Expected annual probability of infection: A flood-risk approach to waterborne infectious diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"219","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2193-9741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Leandro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-6110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina I.","family":"Hotta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5821-0033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thaiza Alvarenga","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4909-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Divine Kwaku","family":"Ahadzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0001","series-title":"Proceedings of the 39th WEDC International Conference","first-page":"6","article-title":"An exploration of sanitation and waste disposal practices in low income communities in Accra, Ghana","author":"Abraham","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0002","series-title":"Participatory Slum Upgrading Programme (PSUP)","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0003","unstructured":"Afriyie, N.Y.O.W., Ferber, S., 2018. Access to clean drinking water & sustainable water management in Ghana. Accra."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/19463138.2014.984720","article-title":"The three-dimensional causes of flooding in Accra, Ghana","volume":"7","author":"Amoako","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Urban Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0005","unstructured":"Andersen, S.T., 2015. Urban flooding and health risk analysis by use of quantitative microbial risk assessment - limitations and improvements."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0006","first-page":"196","article-title":"Flood risk management in Ghana: a case study in Accra","volume":"6","author":"Asumadu-Sarkodie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Sci. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cash, R.A., Music, S.I., Joseph, P., Snyder, M.J., Wenzel, R.P., Hornick, R.B., 1974. Response of man to infection with vibrio cholerae. I. Clinical seologic, and bacteriologic response to a known inoculum 129, 45\u201352.","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/129.1.45"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.09.022","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater","volume":"48","author":"De Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0009","article-title":"Exploring the relation between flood risk management and flood resilience","volume":"9","author":"Disse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Secur."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.35232\/estudamhsd.608552","article-title":"The cholera outbreak in ghana","volume":"4","author":"Donkor","year":"2019","journal-title":"EST\u00dcDAM Halk Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Derg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.12.006","article-title":"Water ingestion during water recreation","volume":"45","author":"Dorevitch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0012","unstructured":"Dzotsi, E., Addo, J., Moore, S., Dunoyer, J., Rossi, M., Lucaccioni, H., Green, H., Sudre, B., 2018. Cholera Factsheet Ghana 2\u20134."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0013","unstructured":"European Commission, 2000. First report on the harmonization of risk assessment procedures \u2013 part 1 (report). Brussels."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0014","unstructured":"FAO, WHO, 2005. Risk assessment of choleragenic vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 in warm water shrimp for international trade\u00a0: interpretative summary and technical report."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0015","unstructured":"Fewtrell, L., 2011. Carlisle flooding health impact assessment."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9780","DOI":"10.1021\/es5020407","article-title":"Screening-level microbial risk assessment of urban water locations: A tool for prioritization","volume":"48","author":"Fehr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0016","series-title":"Medical Microbiology","article-title":"Cholera, vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and other pathogenic vibrios","author":"Finkelstein","year":"1996"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0017","series-title":"Routledge Handbook of the Economics of Climate Change Adaptation","first-page":"317","article-title":"Flood risk management: assessment for prevention with hydro-economic approaches","author":"Foudi","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0018","first-page":"16","article-title":"Disease burden due to gastrointestinal pathogens in a wastewater system in Kampala, Uganda","volume":"4","author":"Fuhrimann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0019","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service, 2014. 2010 Population & Housing Census: Accra Metropolitan District Analytical Report."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2015.138","article-title":"Quantification of exposure to fecal contamination in open drains in four neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana","volume":"14","author":"Gretsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0021","series-title":"Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment","author":"Haas","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0022","unstructured":"Hammond, M., Mark, O., 2014. Health impacts model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0023","series-title":"Spatial and Seasonal Ecology of Cholera in Accra Metropolitan Area (AMA) from 2008 to 2016","author":"Joshua","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-011-0141-5","article-title":"A quantitative risk assessment of waterborne infectious disease in the inundation area of a tropical monsoon region","volume":"7","author":"Kazama","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sustain. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eiar.2005.07.012","article-title":"The future challenges for HIA","volume":"25","author":"Kemm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Impact Assess. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0026","series-title":"Proceedings of the 4th Global Summit Research Institutes Disaster Risk Reduct","first-page":"1","article-title":"Disaster management in Ghana-review of efforts by government and research","author":"Kranjac-Berisavljevic","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0027","unstructured":"Kusimi, J.M., Yeboah, E., 2019. Flood hazards at alajo\u00a0: causes, impacts and adaptations 3, 268\u2013278."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2014.05.020","article-title":"A 2D parallel diffusive wave model for floodplain inundation with variable time step (P-DWave)","volume":"517","author":"Leandro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033317","article-title":"Dynamo-HIA-a dynamic modeling tool for generic health impact assessments","volume":"7","author":"Lhachimi","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.01.048","article-title":"Application of quantitative microbial risk assessment to analyze the public health risk from poor drinking water quality in a low income area in Accra, Ghana","volume":"449","author":"Machdar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0030","unstructured":"Mansour, G., Esseku, H., 2017. Situation analysis of the urban sanitation sector in Ghana, WSUP - water & sanitation for the urban poor."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0031","first-page":"S28","article-title":"A new methodology for modelling of health risk from urban flooding exemplified by cholera \u2013 case Dhaka, Bangladesh","author":"Mark","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Flood Risk Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0032","series-title":"Cholera Outbreaks","first-page":"117","article-title":"Cholera outbreaks in Africa","author":"Mengel","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-018-0436-1","article-title":"Cyclical cholera outbreaks in Ghana: filth, not myth","volume":"7","author":"Mireku-Gyimah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Poverty"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14121485","article-title":"Microbial risk assessment of tidal\u2014induced urban flooding in can tho city (Mekong delta, Vietnam)","volume":"14","author":"Nguyen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/jamba.v11i1.608","article-title":"Cities and floods: a pragmatic insight into the determinants of households\u2019 coping strategies to floods in informal Accra, Ghana","volume":"11","author":"Owusu Twum","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00e0mb\u00e1 J. Disaster Risk Stud."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1177\/0956247815595918","article-title":"Public toilets and their customers in low-income Accra, Ghana","volume":"27","author":"Peprah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Urban."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0037","unstructured":"Pr\u00fcss-\u00dcst\u00fcn, A., Mathers, C., Corval\u00e1n, C., Woodward, A., 2003. Introduction and methods: assessing the environmental burden of disease at national and local levels."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0038","unstructured":"Rain, D., Engstrom, R., Ludlow, C., Antos, S., 2011. Accra Ghana: a city vulnerable to flooding and drought-induced migration. Case study prepared for Cities and Climate Change: Global Report on Human Settlements 2011."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0508","article-title":"Assessment of fecal exposure pathways in low-income urban neighborhoods in Accra, Ghana: rationale, design, methods, and key findings of the sanipath study","volume":"97","author":"Robb","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.01.025","article-title":"Exposure assessment for swimmers in bathing waters and swimming pools","volume":"45","author":"Schets","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.08.042","article-title":"QMRA and decision-making: are we handling measurement errors associated with pathogen concentration data correctly?","volume":"45","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7051.183","article-title":"Health impact assessment","volume":"313","author":"Scott-Samuel","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0043","series-title":"A Methodology for Health Impact Assessment During Pluvial Flooding: A Case Study of the Sukhumvit Area in Bangkok, Thailand","author":"Siculaba","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdrr.2017.09.043","article-title":"The complex interplay between everyday risks and disaster risks: the case of the 2014 cholera pandemic and 2015 flood disaster in Accra, Ghana","volume":"26","author":"Songsore","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0045","article-title":"Health risk assessment (scoping) guidelines","author":"Spickett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Heal. Dir. Impact Assess."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0046","series-title":"Proceedings of the 11th International Conference Urban Drainage, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microbial risk assessment for urban pluvial flooding","author":"Sterk","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.02.009","article-title":"Microbial risks associated with exposure to pathogens in contaminated urban flood water","volume":"44","author":"ten Veldhuis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0048","unstructured":"Teunis, P.F.M., van der Heijden, O.G., van der Giessen, J.W.B., Havelaar, A.H., 1996. The dose-response relation in human volunteers for gastro-intestinal pathogens 87."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0049","series-title":"Statistical Methods in Environmental Epidemiology","author":"Thomas","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s41182-019-0157-6","article-title":"Examining health literacy on cholera in an endemic community in Accra, Ghana: a cross-sectional study","volume":"47","author":"Tutu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0051","unstructured":"USEPA, 2014. Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA): Tools, Methods, and Approaches for Water Media 184."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0052","unstructured":"USEPA, 2012. Microbial Risk Assessment Guideline: Pathogenic Microorganisms with Focus on Food and Water."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/w10030245","article-title":"Quantitative impact assessment of sewer condition on health risk","volume":"10","author":"van Bijnen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0054","series-title":"Quantitative Health Impact Assessment: and Exploration of Methods and Validity","author":"Veerman","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3181","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-11-3181-2011","article-title":"How are flood risk estimates affected by the choice of return-periods?","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561_bib0056","first-page":"7244","article-title":"The risk analysis for infectious disease outbreaks in flood disaster based on spatial information technologies","author":"Yomwan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Geosci. Remote Sens. Symp."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135422005140?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135422005140?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:19:42Z","timestamp":1758601182000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135422005140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"references-count":58,"alternative-id":["S0043135422005140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Expected annual probability of infection: A flood-risk approach to waterborne infectious diseases","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118561","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118561"}}