{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T02:06:07Z","timestamp":1793844367797,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,7]],"date-time":"2022-06-07T08:44:33Z","timestamp":1654591473000},"page":"118722","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Electrochemical oxidation of pharmaceuticals in synthetic fresh human urine: Using selective radical quenchers to reveal the dominant degradation pathways and the scavenging effects of individual urine constituents"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"221","author":[{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4721-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathanael C.","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh W.","family":"Hillhouse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0001","first-page":"59","article-title":"Standard electrode potentials involving radicals in aqueous solution: Inorganic radicals","volume":"9","author":"Armstrong","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioInorgan. React. Mechan."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.10.001","article-title":"Electrochemical oxidation of electrodialysed reverse osmosis concentrate on Ti\/Pt\u2013IrO2, Ti\/SnO2\u2013Sb and boron-doped diamond electrodes","volume":"47","author":"Bagastyo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10143","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02232","article-title":"Electrochemical transformation of trace organic contaminants in the presence of halide and carbonate ions","volume":"50","author":"Barazesh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0004","series-title":"Electrochemical Methods Fundamentals and Applications","author":"Bard","year":"2001"},{"issue":"34","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6766","DOI":"10.1021\/jp980655a","article-title":"Investigations of reactions of selected azaarenes with radicals in water. 2. Chlorine and bromine radicals","volume":"102","author":"Beitz","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1021\/es801845a","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds in US drinking water","volume":"43","author":"Benotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8529","DOI":"10.1021\/es102423u","article-title":"Reaction mechanism for chlorination of urea","volume":"44","author":"Blatchley III","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-6028(89)90178-7","article-title":"Enhanced stability of t-butanol reaction intermediates on oxygen covered Cu (110): Cleavage of unactivated C H bonds on metal surfaces","volume":"214","author":"Brainard","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surf. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1039\/a907133d","article-title":"The reactivity of chlorine atoms in aqueous solution. Part III. The reactions of Cl\u2022 with solutes","volume":"2","author":"Buxton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555805","article-title":"Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (\u22c5 OH\/\u22c5 O\u2212 in aqueous solution","volume":"17","author":"Buxton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(81)87033-8","article-title":"Oxidation mechanism of allyl alcohol on an Au-electrode in basic solutions","volume":"26","author":"Celdran","year":"1981","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.8b00611","article-title":"The prospect of electrochemical technologies advancing worldwide water treatment","volume":"52","author":"Chaplin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11504","DOI":"10.1021\/es5025405","article-title":"Urea degradation by electrochemically generated reactive chlorine species: Products and reaction pathways","volume":"48","author":"Cho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117106","article-title":"Selective oxidation of pharmaceuticals and suppression of perchlorate formation during electrolysis of fresh human urine","volume":"198","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"11-12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1016\/0013-4686(94)85175-1","article-title":"Electrocatalysis in the electrochemical conversion\/combustion of organic pollutants for waste-water treatment","volume":"39","author":"Comninellis","year":"1994","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.1873","article-title":"Advanced oxidation processes for water treatment: advances and trends for R&D","volume":"83","author":"Comninellis","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2009.07.027","article-title":"Electrochemical oxidation of acid black 210 dye on the boron-doped diamond electrode in the presence of phosphate ions: Effect of current density, pH, and chloride ions","volume":"54","author":"Costa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.09.037","article-title":"Removal of pharmaceuticals from the urine of polymedicated patients: A first approach","volume":"331","author":"Cotillas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0019","first-page":"367","article-title":"Metabolism of psychotropic drugs: pharmacological and clinical relevance","volume":"47","author":"Daniel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pol. J. Pharmacol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1039\/P29840000503","article-title":"Electron spin resonance. Part 67. Oxidation of aliphatic sulphides and sulphoxides by the sulphate radical anion (SO 4\u2013\u02d9) and of aliphatic radicals by the peroxydisulphate anion (S 2 O 8 2\u2013)","volume":"2","author":"Davies","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Transact."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.025","article-title":"Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment\u2014kinetics and mechanisms: a critical review","volume":"42","author":"Deborde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5607","DOI":"10.1021\/es035225z","article-title":"Transformation of the antibacterial agent sulfamethoxazole in reactions with chlorine: kinetics, mechanisms, and pathways","volume":"38","author":"Dodd","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7402","DOI":"10.1021\/es052572v","article-title":"Comparative ecotoxicological hazard assessment of beta-blockers and their human metabolites using a mode-of-action-based test battery and a QSAR approach","volume":"40","author":"Escher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0024","series-title":"Urban water reuse handbook","author":"Eslamian","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.1039\/CT8946500899","article-title":"LXXIII.\u2014Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron","volume":"65","author":"Fenton","year":"1894","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Trans."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13051","DOI":"10.1021\/cr500310b","article-title":"Environmental implications of hydroxyl radicals (\u2022 OH)","volume":"115","author":"Gligorovski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7055(73)90003-X","article-title":"Pulsradiolyse von H3PO4, H2PO4-, HPO42\u2212 und P2O74\u2212 in w\u00e4ssriger l\u00f6sung\u2014II. Spektren und kinetik der Zwischenprodukte","volume":"5","author":"Grabner","year":"1973","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0028","series-title":"Modern aspects of electrochemistry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-49489-0_3","author":"Hori","year":"2008"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1021\/es3030148","article-title":"Global synthesis and critical evaluation of pharmaceutical data sets collected from river systems","volume":"47","author":"Hughes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10198","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02912","article-title":"Electrochemical transformation of trace organic contaminants in latrine wastewater","volume":"50","author":"Jasper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7111","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01002","article-title":"Toxic byproduct formation during electrochemical treatment of latrine wastewater","volume":"51","author":"Jasper","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.201","article-title":"Elimination of the antibiotic norfloxacin in municipal wastewater, urine and seawater by electrochemical oxidation on IrO2 anodes","volume":"575","author":"Jojoa-Sierra","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118062364.ch10","article-title":"Electrochemical oxidation of organic compounds induced by electro-generated free hydroxyl radicals on BDD electrodes","author":"Kapa\u0142ka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Synthet. Diam. Film."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13020","DOI":"10.1021\/es402472x","article-title":"Degradation of antibiotic activity during UV\/H2O2 advanced oxidation and photolysis in wastewater effluent","volume":"47","author":"Keen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelechem.2014.11.018","article-title":"Electro-catalytic oxidation of artificial human urine by using BDD and IrO2 electrodes","volume":"738","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Electroanal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116424","article-title":"Chlorination and bromination of olefins: kinetic and mechanistic aspects","volume":"187","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2007.560","article-title":"Reducing micropollutants with source control: substance flow analysis of 212 pharmaceuticals in feces and urine","volume":"56","author":"Lienert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4471","DOI":"10.1021\/es0627693","article-title":"Screening method for ecotoxicological hazard assessment of 42 pharmaceuticals considering human metabolism and excretory routes","volume":"41","author":"Lienert","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.12.065","article-title":"A review on the occurrence of micropollutants in the aquatic environment and their fate and removal during wastewater treatment","volume":"473","author":"Luo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.1980.030010105","article-title":"Absolute rate constants for the reactions of sulfate, phosphate and hydroxyl radicals with monomers","volume":"1","author":"Maruthamuthu","year":"1980","journal-title":"Die Makromolekulare Chemie, Rapid Commun."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1021\/j100495a019","article-title":"Phosphate radicals. Spectra, acid-base equilibriums, and reactions with inorganic compounds","volume":"82","author":"Maruthamuthu","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.16.153","article-title":"Reactions of hydroxyl radicals with nucleic acid bases and the related compounds in gamma-irradiated aqueous solution","volume":"16","author":"Masuda","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res. (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1071\/CH9792611","article-title":"A pulse radiolysis study of the reaction of the sulfate radical ion in aqueous solutions of styrene","volume":"32","author":"McAskill","year":"1979","journal-title":"Aust. J. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.01.088","article-title":"Contaminants of emerging concern in a large temperate estuary","volume":"213","author":"Meador","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.08.002","article-title":"Photocatalytic degradation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with TiO2 and simulated solar irradiation","volume":"42","author":"Mendez-Arriaga","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1039\/FT9949000597","article-title":"Pulse radiolysis study of the reactions of SO\u02d9\u20134 with some substituted benzenes in aqueous solution","volume":"90","author":"Merga","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/1010-6030(94)03903-8","article-title":"Photolysis (\u03bb= 354 nm of tetrachloroethene in aqueous solutions","volume":"85","author":"Mertens","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.03.013","article-title":"Combination of nanofiltration and ozonation for the remediation of real municipal wastewater effluents: acute and chronic toxicity assessment","volume":"323","author":"Miralles-Cuevas","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2016.08.037","article-title":"Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes: a review on their application to synthetic and real wastewaters","volume":"202","author":"Moreira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Cataly. B-Environ."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.41.1842","article-title":"Competitive measurement of rate constants for hydroxyl radical reactions using radiolytic hydroxylation of benzoate","volume":"41","author":"Motohashi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2011.03.011","article-title":"Role of electrolyte on anodic mineralization of atenolol at boron doped diamond and Pt electrodes","volume":"79","author":"Murugananthan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0053","series-title":"Health, United States, 2019 [Internet]","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555808","article-title":"Rate constants for reactions of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution","volume":"17","author":"Neta","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3354","DOI":"10.1021\/j100187a033","article-title":"Rate constants and temperature effects for reactions of chlorine (1-) radical with unsaturated alcohols and hydrocarbons in aqueous and acetonitrile\/water solutions","volume":"96","author":"Padmaja","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6541","DOI":"10.1021\/cr9001319","article-title":"Direct and mediated anodic oxidation of organic pollutants","volume":"109","author":"Panizza","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.01.029","article-title":"Remediation efficiency of three treatments on water polluted with endocrine disruptors: Assessment by means of in vitro techniques","volume":"173","author":"Polloni-Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11292","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02414","article-title":"Challenges and opportunities for electrochemical processes as next-generation technologies for the treatment of contaminated water","volume":"49","author":"Radjenovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3357","DOI":"10.1021\/es9038903","article-title":"Chlorine monoxide (Cl2O) and molecular chlorine (Cl2) as active chlorinating agents in reaction of dimethenamid with aqueous free chlorine","volume":"44","author":"Sivey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.10.018","article-title":"Electrochemical activation of persulfates at BDD anode: radical or nonradical oxidation?","volume":"128","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.05.047","article-title":"Aqueous chlorination of carbamazepine: kinetic study and transformation product identification","volume":"47","author":"Soufan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L289","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00077.2010","article-title":"Elucidating mechanisms of chlorine toxicity: reaction kinetics, thermodynamics, and physiological implications","volume":"299","author":"Squadrito","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mole. Physiol."},{"issue":"2-3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2004.09.029","article-title":"Occurrence and production of chloramines in the chlorination of creatinine in aqueous solution","volume":"39","author":"Tachikawa","year":"2005","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2019.06.009","article-title":"Body fluid analog chlorination: Application to the determination of disinfection byproduct formation kinetics in swimming pool water","volume":"87","author":"Tsamba","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2174\/157341306778699310","article-title":"Revisiting silver nanoparticle chemical synthesis and stability by optical spectroscopy","volume":"2","author":"Van Hoonacker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Nanosci."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1021\/ez5003133","article-title":"The presence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in swimming pools","volume":"1","author":"Weng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1851","article-title":"Predicting in vivo drug interactions from in vitro drug discovery data","volume":"4","author":"Wienkers","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discovery"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2006.10.014","article-title":"Phosphate and potassium recovery from source separated urine through struvite precipitation","volume":"41","author":"Wilsenach","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2008.03.027","article-title":"A comparison of human pharmaceutical concentrations in raw municipal wastewater and yellowwater","volume":"399","author":"Winker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.06.002","article-title":"Comparison of analytical and theoretical pharmaceutical concentrations in human urine in Germany","volume":"42","author":"Winker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8780","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b00688","article-title":"Multilayer heterojunction anodes for saline wastewater treatment: design strategies and reactive species generation mechanisms","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1021\/es00026a011","article-title":"Hydroxyl radical formation in aqueous reactions (pH 3-8) of iron (II) with hydrogen peroxide: the photo-Fenton reaction","volume":"26","author":"Zepp","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3056","DOI":"10.1021\/es504799n","article-title":"Degradation of pharmaceuticals and metabolite in synthetic human urine by UV, UV\/H2O2, and UV\/PDS","volume":"49","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380903392692","article-title":"Occurrence, transformation, and fate of antibiotics in municipal wastewater treatment plants","volume":"41","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EW00014F","article-title":"Removal rates and energy demand of the electrochemical oxidation of ammonia and organic substances in real stored urine","volume":"3","author":"Zollig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.-Water Res. Technol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0043-1354(99)00338-3","article-title":"Oxidative treatment of pharmaceuticals in water","volume":"34","author":"Zwiener","year":"2000","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135422006753?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135422006753?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:20:21Z","timestamp":1758601221000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135422006753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S0043135422006753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Electrochemical oxidation of pharmaceuticals in synthetic fresh human urine: Using selective radical quenchers to reveal the dominant degradation pathways and the scavenging effects of individual urine constituents","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2022.118722","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"118722"}}