{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T17:32:16Z","timestamp":1790357536027,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,3]],"date-time":"2023-10-03T02:33:10Z","timestamp":1696300390000},"page":"120692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Alkaline chlorination of drinking water: A trade-off between genotoxicity control and trihalomethane formation"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"246","author":[{"given":"Chao","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyuan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nannan","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenqi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhai","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c06287","article-title":"Making swimming pools safer: does copper\u2013silver ionization with chlorine lower the toxicity and disinfection byproduct formation?","volume":"55","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"51","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.2307\/4584715","article-title":"Influence of pH and temperature on the survival of coliforms and enteric pathogens when exposed to free chlorine","volume":"58","author":"Butterfield","year":"1943","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(99)00133-7","article-title":"The epidemiology of chemical contaminants of drinking water","volume":"38","author":"Calderon","year":"2000","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.125675","article-title":"Methods for total organic halogen (TOX) analysis in water: past, present, and future","volume":"399","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3908","DOI":"10.1021\/es100397x","article-title":"Precursors of dichloroacetamide, an emerging nitrogenous DBP formed during chlorination or chloramination","volume":"44","author":"Chu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.08.051","article-title":"Reaction of bromine and chlorine with phenolic compounds and natural organic matter extracts \u2013 Electrophilic aromatic substitution and oxidation","volume":"85","author":"Criquet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115432","article-title":"GAC to BAC: does it make chloraminated drinking water safer?","volume":"172","author":"Cuthbertson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2007.07.025","article-title":"Reactions of chlorine with inorganic and organic compounds during water treatment\u2014Kinetics and mechanisms: a critical review","volume":"42","author":"Deborde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.07.014","article-title":"Disinfection byproducts potentially responsible for the association between chlorinated drinking water and bladder cancer: a review","volume":"162","author":"Diana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1433","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c03596","article-title":"Decomposition of total organic halogen formed during chlorination: the iceberg of halogenated disinfection byproducts was previously underestimated","volume":"57","author":"Fang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wroa.2021.100089","article-title":"Use of trihalomethanes as a surrogate for haloacetonitrile exposure introduces misclassification bias","volume":"11","author":"Furst","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res. X"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/ioab108","article-title":"Iodoacetic acid affects estrous cyclicity, ovarian gene expression, and hormone levels in mice","volume":"105","author":"Gonsioroski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.08.030","article-title":"Oxidative treatment of bromide-containing waters: formation of bromine and its reactions with inorganic and organic compounds \u2014 A critical review","volume":"48","author":"Heeb","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3309","DOI":"10.1021\/es062178c","article-title":"Characterization of disinfection byproduct precursors based on hydrophobicity and molecular size","volume":"41","author":"Hua","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1991.tb07233.x","article-title":"Predicting the formation of dbps by the simulated distribution system","volume":"83","author":"Koch","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Work Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127194","article-title":"Inhibition of nucleotide excision repair and damage response signaling by dibromoacetonitrile: a novel genotoxicity mechanism of a water disinfection byproduct","volume":"423","author":"Komaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2005.10.063","article-title":"Halogenated acetaldehydes: analysis, stability and fate in drinking water","volume":"64","author":"Koudjonou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7175","DOI":"10.1021\/es060353j","article-title":"Occurrence of a new generation of disinfection byproducts","volume":"40","author":"Krasner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-022-00985-7","article-title":"Toxicological assessment of potable reuse and conventional drinking waters","volume":"6","author":"Lau","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14136","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.1c04323","article-title":"Disinfection byproduct recovery during extraction and concentration in preparation for chemical analyses or toxicity assays","volume":"55","author":"Lau","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05440","article-title":"Drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and human health effects: multidisciplinary challenges and opportunities","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126611","article-title":"Volatile DBPs contributed marginally to the developmental toxicity of drinking water DBP mixtures against Platynereis dumerilii","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.1021\/es903077y","article-title":"Effect of reductive property of activated carbon on total organic halogen analysis","volume":"44","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1021\/es026230q","article-title":"Factors influencing the formation and relative distribution of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in drinking water","volume":"37","author":"Liang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2016.05.018","article-title":"Toward better understanding of chloral hydrate stability in water: kinetics, pathways, and influencing factors","volume":"157","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2001.46.1.0038","article-title":"Spectrofluorometric characterization of dissolved organic matter for indication of precursor organic material and aromaticity","volume":"46","author":"McKnight","year":"2001","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0027","series-title":"Recent Advances in Disinfection By-Products","first-page":"3","author":"Plewa","year":"2015"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3646","DOI":"10.1039\/c2ay25806d","article-title":"Monitoring free chlorine and free bromine in aquarium seawater treated by ozone","volume":"4","author":"Qiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13094","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03547","article-title":"Estimating potential increased bladder cancer risk due to increased bromide concentrations in sources of disinfected drinking waters","volume":"49","author":"Regli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8330","DOI":"10.1021\/es801169k","article-title":"Occurrence and mammalian cell toxicity of iodinated disinfection byproducts in drinking water","volume":"42","author":"Richardson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2020.103939","article-title":"To regulate or not to regulate? What to do with more toxic disinfection by-products?","volume":"8","author":"Richardson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2007.09.001","article-title":"Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research","volume":"636","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.05.024","article-title":"Effects of pH on the speciation coefficients in models of bromide influence on the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids","volume":"62","author":"Roccaro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.4319\/lom.2008.6.572","article-title":"Characterizing dissolved organic matter fluorescence with parallel factor analysis: a tutorial","volume":"6","author":"Stedmon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1996.tb06573.x","article-title":"Assessing DBP yield: uniform formation conditions","volume":"88","author":"Summers","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Work Assoc."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8909","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c02035","article-title":"Comparative quantitative toxicology and QSAR modeling of the haloacetonitriles: forcing agents of water disinfection byproduct toxicity","volume":"54","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4924","DOI":"10.1021\/es100152j","article-title":"Reduced effect of bromide on the genotoxicity in secondary effluent of a municipal wastewater treatment plant during chlorination","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116080","article-title":"Non-volatile disinfection byproducts are far more toxic to mammalian cells than volatile byproducts","volume":"183","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10868","DOI":"10.1021\/es401841t","article-title":"Comparative developmental toxicity of new aromatic halogenated dbps in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent to the marine polychaete platynereis dumerilii","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11028","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b02772","article-title":"Kinetic analysis of haloacetonitrile stability in drinking waters","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.03.051","article-title":"Modeling the formation of TOCl, TOBr and TOI during chlor(am)ination of drinking water","volume":"96","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(98)00166-0","article-title":"Differentiating with fluorescence spectroscopy the sources of dissolved organic matter in soils subjected to drying","volume":"38","author":"Zsolnay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135423011326?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135423011326?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,23]],"date-time":"2025-09-23T04:48:18Z","timestamp":1758602898000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135423011326"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"references-count":42,"alternative-id":["S0043135423011326"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Alkaline chlorination of drinking water: A trade-off between genotoxicity control and trihalomethane formation","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120692","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"120692"}}