{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T05:13:04Z","timestamp":1794373984511,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,26]],"date-time":"2025-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001352","name":"National University of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,27]],"date-time":"2025-01-27T11:50:51Z","timestamp":1737978651000},"page":"123197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The efficacies of degrading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by applying UV light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"276","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7703-045X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shayok","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guanghan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiwei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiangyong","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115878","article-title":"Efficient inactivation of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by photo-Fenton process under visible LED light and neutral pH","volume":"179","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"Part 32","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0002","first-page":"85","article-title":"Kinetics of one-electron oxidation by the ClO radical","author":"Alfassi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1163\/15685670260469474","article-title":"Fundamental photochemical approach to the concepts of fluence (UV dose) and electrical energy efficiency in photochemical degradation reactions","volume":"28","author":"Bolton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Chem. Intermed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2011.05.017","article-title":"Determination of the quantum yields of the potassium ferrioxalate and potassium iodide-iodate actinometers and a method for the calibration of radiometer detectors","volume":"222","author":"Bolton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1039\/a707377a","article-title":"Reactivity of chlorine atoms in aqueous solution: part 1. The equilibrium Cl. + Cl- \u21cc Cl2.-","volume":"94","author":"Buxton","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc. - Faraday Trans."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1063\/1.555805","article-title":"Critical review of rate constants for reactions of hydrated electrons, hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl radicals (\u22c5OH\/\u22c5O\u2212 in aqueous solution","volume":"17","author":"Buxton","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-5107(99)00004-4","article-title":"Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage","volume":"424","author":"Cadet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Fundam. Mol. Mech. Mutagenesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1039\/c7pp00395a","article-title":"Formation of UV-induced DNA damage contributing to skin cancer development","volume":"17","author":"Cadet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. : Off. J. Eur. Photochem. Assoc. Eur. Soc. Photobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6185","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01120","article-title":"Degradation of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes with UV 254 treatment","volume":"51","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotochem.2016.09.021","article-title":"Kinetic degradation of chloramphenicol in water by UV\/persulfate system","volume":"332","author":"Chaoqun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0010","first-page":"8157","article-title":"Effects of advanced treatment systems on the removal of antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment plants from Hangzhou, China","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3643","DOI":"10.3390\/w14223643","article-title":"Controlling biofilm growth and its antibiotic resistance in drinking water by combined UV and chlorination processes","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05274","article-title":"Degradation kinetics of antibiotic resistance gene mecA of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) during water disinfection with chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet light","volume":"55","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.155205","article-title":"Degradation and inactivation of chromosomal and plasmid encoded resistance genes\/ARBs and the impact of different matrices on UV and UV\/H2O2 based advanced oxidation process","volume":"833","author":"Das","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.04.010","article-title":"Effects of UV irradiation and hydrogen peroxide on DNA fragmentation, motility and fertilizing ability of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) spermatozoa","volume":"64","author":"Dietrich","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coche.2022.100867","article-title":"Comparison of sulfate radical with other reactive species","volume":"38","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0016","unstructured":"EPA, 2006. Long term 2 enhanced surface water treatment rule documents [WWW Document]. URL https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/dwreginfo\/long-term-2-enhanced-surface-water-treatment-rule-documents (accessed 3.30.24)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1021\/es4036094","article-title":"The roles of reactive species in micropollutant degradation in the UV\/free chlorine system","volume":"48","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00798-16","article-title":"Detection of antibiotic resistance genes in source and drinking water samples from a first nations community in Canada","volume":"82","author":"Fernando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6423","DOI":"10.1021\/es1013714","article-title":"Mechanism of base activation of persulfate","volume":"44","author":"Furman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2022.138234","article-title":"Application of UVC and UVC based advanced disinfection technologies for the inactivation of antibiotic resistance genes and elimination of horizontal gene transfer activities: opportunities and challenges","volume":"450","author":"Ghosh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173075","article-title":"Application of UV LEDs to inactivate antibiotic resistant bacteria: kinetics, efficiencies, and reactivations","author":"Ghosh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3319","DOI":"10.1039\/f19888403319","article-title":"Generation and reactions of the chlorine atom in aqueous solution","volume":"84","author":"Gilbert","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans. 1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(94)07068-7","article-title":"New trends in photobiology: photochemistry of DNA and related biomolecules: quantum yields and consequences of photoionization","volume":"26","author":"G\u00f6rner","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.08.048","article-title":"Comparison of the UV\/chlorine and UV\/H2O2 processes in the degradation of PPCPs in simulated drinking water and wastewater: kinetics, radical mechanism and energy requirements","volume":"147","author":"Guo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2023.09.021","article-title":"UV-based advanced oxidation processes for antibiotic resistance control: efficiency, influencing factors, and energy consumption","volume":"37","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"Engineering"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1021\/j100497a003","article-title":"Rate constants and mechanisms of reaction of Cl2- radicals","volume":"82","author":"Hasegawa","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b04393","article-title":"Degradation and deactivation of bacterial antibiotic resistance genes during exposure to free chlorine, monochloramine, chlorine dioxide, ozone, ultraviolet light, and hydroxyl radical","volume":"53","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3935","DOI":"10.1039\/B618565G","article-title":"On the photolysis of simple anions and neutral molecules as sources of O \u2212 \/OH, SO x \u2212 and Cl in aqueous solution","volume":"9","author":"Herrmann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.08.012","article-title":"Occurrence and removal of sulfonamide antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in conventional and advanced drinking water treatment processes","volume":"360","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.02.207","article-title":"Removal of sulfonamide antibiotic resistant bacterial and intracellular antibiotic resistance genes by UVC-activated peroxymonosulfate","volume":"368","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1021\/ar900175a","article-title":"Oxidation of DNA: damage to nucleobases","volume":"43","author":"Kanvah","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.05.009","article-title":"Bacterial inactivation in water, DNA strand breaking, and membrane damage induced by ultraviolet-assisted titanium dioxide photocatalysis","volume":"47","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.2965\/jwet.19-021","article-title":"State of the art of UV\/chlorine advanced oxidation processes: their mechanism, byproducts formation, process variation, and applications","volume":"17","author":"Kishimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Water Environ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0034","article-title":"The antimicrobial peptides and their potential clinical applications","author":"Lei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Peptides"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.05.240","article-title":"Synergistic effect of combined UV-LED and chlorine treatment on Bacillus subtilis spore inactivation","volume":"639","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29101","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0029101","article-title":"Quantification bias caused by plasmid DNA conformation in quantitative real-time PCR assay","volume":"6","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.02.036","article-title":"Chlorine disinfection increases both intracellular and extracellular antibiotic resistance genes in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant","volume":"136","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122283","article-title":"Effect of DNA sizes and reactive oxygen species on degradation of sulphonamide resistance sul1 genes by combined UV\/free chlorine processes","volume":"392","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2015.10.044","article-title":"Class 1 integrase, sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes in wastewater treatment plant and surface water","volume":"144","author":"Makowska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0040","series-title":"Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-59562-1.00010-4","article-title":"Electrophoretic techniques","author":"Mayer","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6102","DOI":"10.1021\/es9038165","article-title":"Tet and sul antibiotic resistance genes in livestock lagoons of various operation type, configuration, and antibiotic occurrence","volume":"44","author":"McKinney","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13393","DOI":"10.1021\/es303652q","article-title":"Ultraviolet disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes in water and wastewater","volume":"46","author":"McKinney","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128502","article-title":"Free radicals removing extracellular polymeric substances to enhance the degradation of intracellular antibiotic resistance genes in multi-resistant Pseudomonas Putida by UV\/H2O2 and UV\/peroxydisulfate disinfection processes","volume":"430","author":"Meng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6918","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00507","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into the reactivity of chlorine-derived radicals in the aqueous-phase UV\u2013chlorine advanced oxidation process: quantum mechanical calculations","volume":"51","author":"Minakata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0045","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance","volume":"4","author":"Munita","year":"2016","journal-title":"HHS Public Access"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0046","series-title":"National Bureau of Standards, National Standard Reference Data Series 1027","article-title":"rate constants for reactions of inorganic radicals in aqueous solution","author":"Neta","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.115921","article-title":"Degradation and deactivation of a plasmid-encoded extracellular antibiotic resistance gene during separate and combined exposures to UV254 and radicals","volume":"182","author":"Nihemaiti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0048","series-title":"Diatomic Spectral Database, 1\u03a3-Ground State Molecules [WWW Document]","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2016.1262463","article-title":"When are bacteria dead? A step towards interpreting flow cytometry profiles after chlorine disinfection and membrane integrity staining","volume":"38","author":"Nocker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1021\/ja003342d","article-title":"Sites of Hydroxyl Radical Reaction with Amino Acids Identified by 2H NMR Detection of Induced 1H\/2H Exchange","volume":"123","author":"Nukuna","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.142696","article-title":"Comparative removal of two antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes by the simultaneous use of chlorine and UV irradiation (UV\/chlorine): influence of free radicals on gene degradation","volume":"755","author":"Phattarapattamawong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2010.11.016","article-title":"Kinetics of membrane damage to high (HNA) and low (LNA) nucleic acid bacterial clusters in drinking water by ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate","volume":"45","author":"Ramseier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114276","article-title":"Long term molecular epidemiology of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia isolates in Sweden","volume":"9","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS. One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.15.78","article-title":"Understanding the structural mechanisms of antibiotic resistance sets the platform for new discovery","volume":"10","author":"Reeve","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0055","first-page":"565","article-title":"Emerging investigators series: the efficacy of chlorine photolysis as an advanced oxidation process for drinking water treatment","volume":"2","author":"Remucal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.01.020","article-title":"Disinfection of urban wastewater by solar driven and UV lamp - TiO2 photocatalysis: effect on a multi drug resistant Escherichia coli strain","volume":"53","author":"Rizzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.223","article-title":"Assessment of full-scale tertiary wastewater treatment by UV-C based-AOPs: removal or persistence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes?","volume":"652","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Chueca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2014.11.021","article-title":"Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river","volume":"69","author":"Rodriguez-Mozaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/09553007814550941","article-title":"An E.S.R. and Spin-trapping Study of the Reactions of the \u1e60O 4 \u2212 Radical with Protein and Nucleic Acid Constituents","volume":"34","author":"Rustgi","year":"1978","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol. Relat. Stud. Phys., Chem. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0060","first-page":"342","article-title":"Application of response surface methodology for modeling and optimization of Bacillus subtilis spores inactivation by the UV\/persulfate process","volume":"17","author":"Sabeti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supply"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-019-1122-7","article-title":"Elimination of antibiotic resistance genes and control of horizontal transfer risk by UV-based treatment of drinking water: a mini review","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2021.125615","article-title":"Impact of combined chlorine and UV technology on the bacterial diversity, antibiotic resistance genes and disinfection by-products in treated sewage","volume":"339","author":"Shekhawat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioresour. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121968","article-title":"Efficacy of UVC-LED in water disinfection on Bacillus species with consideration of antibiotic resistance issue","volume":"386","author":"Shen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.114965","article-title":"Pulsed and continuous light UV LED: microbial inactivation, electrical, and time efficiency","volume":"165","author":"Sholtes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1039\/b201230h","article-title":"UV-induced DNA damage and repair: a review","volume":"1","author":"Sinha","year":"2002","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.10.318","article-title":"Persistence of antibiotic resistance genes and bacterial community changes in drinking water treatment system: from drinking water source to tap water","volume":"616\u2013617","author":"Su","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152551","article-title":"Investigation of the efficacy of the UV\/Chlorine process for the removal of trimethoprim: effects of operational parameters and artificial neural networks modelling","volume":"812","author":"Teo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.105260","article-title":"Application of UV-LEDs for antibiotic resistance genes inactivation - Efficiency monitoring with qPCR and transformation","volume":"9","author":"Umar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5022","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.9.5022-5028.2005","article-title":"Membrane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence and presence of a chlorine-demanding substrate","volume":"71","author":"Virto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0070","series-title":"Free-Radical-Induced DNA Damage and Its Repair: A Chemical Perspective","author":"Von Sonntag","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2746","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.4c00350","article-title":"Efficacy and Mechanism of Antibiotic Resistance Gene Degradation and Cell Membrane Damage during Ultraviolet Advanced Oxidation Processes","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.04.125","article-title":"Removal of Microcystis aeruginosa by UV-activated persulfate: performance and characteristics","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130043","article-title":"Synergistic algicidal effects of combined UV-LED\/chlorine treatments on Tetraselmis sp.: optimization and mode-of-action","volume":"422","author":"Wen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.129885","article-title":"Kinetics and efficacy of membrane\/DNA damage to Bacillus subtilis and autochthonous bacteria during UV\/chlorine treatment under different pH and irradiation wavelengths","volume":"422","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.08.011","article-title":"Roles of reactive chlorine species in trimethoprim degradation in the UV\/chlorine process: kinetics and transformation pathways","volume":"104","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122659","article-title":"Removal of \u03b2-cyclocitral by UV\/persulfate and UV\/chlorine process: degradation kinetics and DBPs formation","volume":"382","author":"Xiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2017.07.006","article-title":"Mechanisms of ultraviolet disinfection and chlorination of Escherichia coli: culturability, membrane permeability, metabolism, and genetic damage","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11783-022-1521-z","article-title":"Effect of the ultraviolet\/chlorine process on microbial community structure, typical pathogens, and antibiotic resistance genes in reclaimed water","volume":"16","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.130053","article-title":"A review on the degradation efficiency, DBP formation, and toxicity variation in the UV\/chlorine treatment of micropollutants","volume":"424","author":"Yeom","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.06.018","article-title":"Wavelength-dependent chlorine photolysis and subsequent radical production using UV-LEDs as light sources","volume":"142","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2017.06.056","article-title":"Inactivation efficiency of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance genes during water treatment with chlorine, UV, and UV\/H2O2","volume":"123","author":"Yoon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0082","first-page":"1239","article-title":"Elimination of transforming activity and gene degradation during UV and UV\/H 2 O 2 treatment of plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"4","author":"Yoon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4360","article-title":"Degradation of carbamazepine and toxicity evaluation using the UV\/persulfate process in aqueous solution","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41396-021-00980-4","article-title":"Chlorine disinfection facilitates natural transformation through ROS-mediated oxidative stress","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"ISMe J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.09.218","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic resistance genes and control of horizontal transfer risk by UV, chlorination and UV \/chlorination treatments of drinking water","volume":"358","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.04.160","article-title":"Comparison of amoxicillin photodegradation in the UV\/H2O2 and UV\/persulfate systems: reaction kinetics, degradation pathways, and antibacterial activity","volume":"372","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0087","article-title":"Insight into the removal of tetracycline-resistant bacteria and resistance genes from mariculture wastewater by ultraviolet\/persulfate advanced oxidation process","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2023.104262","article-title":"Removal of typical sulfonamide resistance genes by ultraviolet\/hydrogen peroxide advanced oxidation process in mariculture wastewater","volume":"55","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Water. Process. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122070","article-title":"Removal of antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes in wastewater effluent by UV-activated persulfate","volume":"388","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.05.072","article-title":"Enhanced ronidazole degradation by UV-LED\/chlorine compared with conventional low-pressure UV\/chlorine at neutral and alkaline pH values","volume":"160","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425001113?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425001113?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T13:35:40Z","timestamp":1741613740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135425001113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"references-count":91,"alternative-id":["S0043135425001113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The efficacies of degrading antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by applying UV light emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123197","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123197"}}