{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T17:44:32Z","timestamp":1793295872988,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52091545"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52091545"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023YFC3041300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC3041300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,14]],"date-time":"2025-04-14T07:57:29Z","timestamp":1744617449000},"page":"123649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Population immunity enhances the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Beijing revealed by wastewater genomic surveillance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"282","author":[{"given":"Chen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxiu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4694-538X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-1422","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Song","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3648-1698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7979","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06487-6","article-title":"Neutralization, effector function and immune imprinting of Omicron variants","volume":"621","author":"Addetia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01387-y","article-title":"Viral variant-resolved wastewater surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at national scale","volume":"40","author":"Amman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0003","article-title":"Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 EG.5\/EG.5.1 by sera from ZF2001 RBD-dimer and its next-generation vaccines","author":"An","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/giab007","article-title":"HTSlib: C library for reading\/writing high-throughput sequencing data","volume":"10","author":"Bonfield","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gigascience"},{"issue":"7948","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0005","first-page":"521","article-title":"Imprinted SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity induces convergent Omicron RBD evolution","volume":"614","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7898","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04385-3","article-title":"Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies","volume":"602","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7923","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04980-y","article-title":"BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5 escape antibodies elicited by Omicron infection","volume":"608","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btp348","article-title":"trimAl: a tool for automated alignment trimming in large-scale phylogenetic analyses","volume":"25","author":"Capella-Guti\u00e9rrez","year":"2009","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2024.2437240","article-title":"Utilizing wastewater surveillance to model behavioural responses and prevent healthcare overload during \"disease X\" outbreaks","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2293-3_19","article-title":"Variant annotation and functional prediction: SnpEff","volume":"2493","author":"Cingolani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00544-9","article-title":"Concerns about SARS-CoV-2 evolution should not hold back efforts to expand vaccination","volume":"21","author":"Cobey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"issue":"10403","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01367-3","article-title":"Omicron neutralisation: rBD-dimer booster versus BF.7 and BA.5.2 breakthrough infection","volume":"402","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.025","article-title":"Transmission, infectivity, and neutralization of a spike L452R SARS-CoV-2 variant","volume":"184","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.033","article-title":"mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant","volume":"185","author":"Garcia-Beltran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"5656","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0016","first-page":"327","article-title":"Unifying the epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics of pathogens","volume":"303","author":"Grenfell","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-018-1618-7","article-title":"An amplicon-based sequencing framework for accurately measuring intrahost virus diversity using PrimalSeq and iVar","volume":"20","author":"Grubaugh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.01.001","article-title":"Receptor binding and complex structures of human ACE2 to spike RBD from omicron and delta SARS-CoV-2","volume":"185","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44500-0","article-title":"Regional reemergence of a SARS-CoV-2 Delta lineage amid an Omicron wave detected by wastewater sequencing","volume":"13","author":"Haver","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gpb.2022.05.009","article-title":"Ongoing positive selection drives the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 genomes","volume":"20","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Genomic. Proteomic. Bioinform."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0021","article-title":"Large-scale study of antibody titer decay following BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine or SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Israel","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2671","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-38188-z","article-title":"Convergent evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants leading to the emergence of BQ.1.1 variant","volume":"14","author":"Ito","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abe0367","article-title":"Persistence and decay of human antibody responses to the receptor binding domain of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in COVID-19 patients","volume":"5","author":"Iyer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00642-9","article-title":"Further humoral immunity evasion of emerging SARS-CoV-2 BA.4 and BA.5 subvariants","volume":"22","author":"Jian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00805-2","article-title":"Omicron BQ.1 and BQ.1.1 escape neutralisation by omicron subvariant breakthrough infection","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0233-0","article-title":"Phylogenetic tree building in the genomic age","volume":"21","author":"Kapli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Genetic."},{"issue":"7925","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05049-6","article-title":"Wastewater sequencing reveals early cryptic SARS-CoV-2 variant transmission","volume":"609","author":"Karthikeyan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/mst010","article-title":"MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: improvements in performance and usability","volume":"30","author":"Katoh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1923","article-title":"Fast gapped-read alignment with Bowtie 2","volume":"9","author":"Langmead","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"issue":"47","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6904","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2023.10.051","article-title":"Neutralization escape by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariant BA.2.86","volume":"41","author":"Lasrado","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e509","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00682-5","article-title":"Virus isolation and neutralisation of SARS-CoV-2 variants BA.2.86 and EG.5.1","volume":"23","author":"Lassauni\u00e8re","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7033","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51141-y","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology and population immunity of SARS-CoV-2 in Guangdong (2022-2023) following a pivotal shift in the pandemic","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47393-3","article-title":"Emerging variants develop total escape from potent monoclonal antibodies induced by BA.4\/5 infection","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00722-z","article-title":"Antigenic evolution will lead to new SARS-CoV-2 variants with unpredictable severity","volume":"20","author":"Markov","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"6583","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0036","first-page":"864","article-title":"Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron immune evasion and receptor engagement","volume":"375","author":"McCallum","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.09.022","article-title":"Population immunity predicts evolutionary trajectories of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"186","author":"Meijers","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-021-00360-w","article-title":"Testing at scale during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"22","author":"Mercer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Genetic."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa015","article-title":"IQ-TREE 2: new models and efficient methods for phylogenetic inference in the genomic era","volume":"37","author":"Minh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"10377","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00129-0","article-title":"Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Beijing during 2022: an epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis","volume":"401","author":"Pan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-46025-y","article-title":"XBB.1.5 spike protein COVID-19 vaccine induces broadly neutralizing and cellular immune responses against EG.5.1 and emerging XBB variants","volume":"13","author":"Patel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-46490-7","article-title":"Distinct evolution of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB and BA.2.86\/JN.1 lineages combining increased fitness and antibody evasion","volume":"15","author":"Planas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112443","article-title":"Enhanced evasion of neutralizing antibody response by Omicron XBB.1.5, CH.1.1, and CA.3.1 variants","volume":"42","author":"Qu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-95025-3","article-title":"Rates of SARS-CoV-2 transmission and vaccination impact the fate of vaccine-resistant strains","volume":"11","author":"Rella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"6540","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0045","first-page":"363","article-title":"Epidemiological and evolutionary considerations of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dosing regimes","volume":"372","author":"Saad-Roy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D888","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab921","article-title":"VarEPS: an evaluation and prewarning system of known and virtual variations of SARS-CoV-2 genomes","volume":"50","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7395","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43043-2","article-title":"Isolation may select for earlier and higher peak viral load but shorter duration in SARS-CoV-2 evolution","volume":"14","author":"Sunagawa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3022","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msab120","article-title":"MEGA11: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11","volume":"38","author":"Tamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad089","article-title":"Adaptive evolution of the spike protein in coronaviruses","volume":"40","author":"Tang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"7873","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03792-w","article-title":"After the pandemic: perspectives on the future trajectory of COVID-19","volume":"596","author":"Telenti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42064-1","article-title":"Wastewater sequencing reveals community and variant dynamics of the collective human virome","volume":"14","author":"Tisza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.01.014","article-title":"XBB.1.5 monovalent mRNA vaccine booster elicits robust neutralizing antibodies against XBB subvariants and JN.1","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e397","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00555-8","article-title":"Antibody neutralisation of emerging SARS-CoV-2 subvariants: EG.5.1 and XBC.1.6","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.12.018","article-title":"Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-022-00463-6","article-title":"Combating the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron (BA.1) and BA.2 with potent bispecific antibodies engineered from non-omicron neutralizing antibodies","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evab049","article-title":"The missing expression level\u2013evolutionary rate anticorrelation in viruses does not support protein function as a main constraint on sequence evolution","volume":"13","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3390\/v10090509","article-title":"Estimating Vaccine-Driven Selection in Seasonal Influenza","volume":"10","author":"Wen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1086\/717410","article-title":"The potential beneficial effects of vaccination on antigenically evolving pathogens","volume":"199","author":"Wen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. Nat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0059","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2025. Tracking SARS-CoV-2 variants. World Health Organization. https:\/\/www.who.int\/en\/activities\/tracking-SARS-CoV-2-variants (accessed April 14, 2025)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-021-00863-2","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Omicron RBD shows weaker binding affinity than the currently dominant Delta variant to human ACE2","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2023.120444","article-title":"Wastewater genomic sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 variants surveillance in wastewater-based epidemiology applications","volume":"244","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41369-5","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in wastewater as a model for monitoring evolution of endemic viruses","volume":"14","author":"Yousif","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2175","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00079","article-title":"Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses in wastewater: optimization and automation of an aluminum hydroxide adsorption\u2013Precipitation method for virus concentration","volume":"2","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS ES T Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.4c00295","article-title":"Implementation and cancellation of the dynamic zero-COVID policy led to a steep transient peak in the first COVID-19 surge in Beijing dominated by a nonprevalent SARS-CoV-2 variant","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS ES T Water"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.68973","article-title":"A systematic review of vaccine breakthrough infections by SARS-CoV-2 delta variant","volume":"18","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2312198120","article-title":"Complex interplay between population immunity and viral dynamics","volume":"120","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1021\/jacsau.3c00142","article-title":"S373P Mutation stabilizes the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein in omicron and promotes binding","volume":"3","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"JACS Au"}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425005597?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425005597?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T09:29:29Z","timestamp":1766654969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135425005597"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":67,"alternative-id":["S0043135425005597"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Population immunity enhances the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in Beijing revealed by wastewater genomic surveillance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123649","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123649"}}