{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T05:52:10Z","timestamp":1775973130885,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006450","name":"US Bureau of Reclamation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R22AP00236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R22AP00236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006450","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1832713"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1832713"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,3]],"date-time":"2025-05-03T11:40:45Z","timestamp":1746272445000},"page":"123773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk of gastrointestinal illness due to Campylobacter exposure in urban waterways for unsheltered persons experiencing homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"282","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2784-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine C","family":"Crank","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3295-9884","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily","family":"Clements","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9139-1873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Casey","family":"Barber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katerina","family":"Papp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gerrity","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.07.055","article-title":"A review on microbial contaminants in stormwater runoff and outfalls: potential health risks and mitigation strategies","volume":"692","author":"Ahmed","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1673","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-13904-4","article-title":"Somewhere to go: assessing the impact of public restroom interventions on reports of open defecation in San Francisco, California from 2014 to 2020\u2032","volume":"22","author":"Amato","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0003","series-title":"Health Officials Warn of Spike in Hepatitis A Cases in Vegas","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0004","series-title":"Quantification of Pathogens and Sources of Microbial Indicators for QMRA in Recreational Waters","author":"Bambic","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1080\/15459624.2014.974808","article-title":"Modeling of human viruses on hands and risk of infection in an office workplace using micro-activity data","volume":"12","author":"Beamer","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Occup. Environ. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0006","series-title":"Veterans Administration Medical Center","article-title":"Human volunteer studies with Campylobacter jejuni","author":"Black","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0007","unstructured":"Blasius, B., Kirsch, J., Danner, A. 2016. Las Vegas Wash time-of-travel study."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2007.07.001","article-title":"The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers","volume":"35","author":"Bloomfield","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Infect. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9634","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b01948","article-title":"\u2019Can we swim yet?\u2019 Systematic review, meta-analysis, and risk assessment of aging sewage in surface waters","volume":"52","author":"Boehm","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.05.014","article-title":"Characterizing relationships among fecal indicator bacteria, microbial source tracking markers, and associated waterborne pathogen occurrence in stream water and sediments in a mixed land use watershed","volume":"101","author":"Bradshaw","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e03474","article-title":"'Barriers, beliefs, and practices regarding hygiene and vaccination among the homeless during a hepatitis A outbreak in Detroit, MI'","volume":"6","author":"Buechler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5463","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.0c05693","article-title":"'Navigating data uncertainty and modeling assumptions in quantitative microbial risk assessment in an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda'","volume":"55","author":"Byrne","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0013","series-title":"Campylobacter (Campylobacteriosis)","year":"2023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0015","unstructured":"CDC. 2024b 'BEAM (Bacteria, Enterics, Amoeba, and Mycotics) Dashboard.', U.S. Department of Health and Human Services., Accessed 08\/19\/2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncezid\/dfwed\/BEAM-dashboard.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-7325.2006.tb04082.x","article-title":"Oral health, related behaviors and oral health impacts among homeless adults","volume":"66","author":"Conte","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Public Health Dent."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0047","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1177\/01939450022044845","article-title":"Health status and resources of rural homeless women and children","volume":"22","author":"Craft-Rosenberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"West J. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0018","series-title":"Assessing the Impact of Pathogen Decay on Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment Infection Estimates","author":"Crank","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.9b00468","article-title":"Quantitative microbial risk assessment of swimming in sewage impacted waters using CrAssphage and pepper mild mottle virus in a customizable model","volume":"6","author":"Crank","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2013.09.022","article-title":"Quantitative assessment of infection risk from exposure to waterborne pathogens in urban floodwater","volume":"48","author":"De Man","year":"2014","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2016.0043","article-title":"Urban water insecurity: a case study of homelessness in Phoenix, Arizona","volume":"10","author":"DeMyers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Just."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2017.255","article-title":"Ingestion of swimming pool water by recreational swimmers","volume":"15","author":"Dufour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126408","article-title":"Campylobacter risk for the consumers of wastewater-irrigated vegetables based on field experiments","volume":"251","author":"Farhadkhani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0025","first-page":"105","article-title":"Unmet needs of individuals experiencing homelessness near San Diego waterways: the roles of displacement and overburdened service systems","volume":"43","author":"Flanigan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Health Hum. Serv. Adm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1089\/env.2018.0030","article-title":"Open defecation in the United States: perspectives from the streets","volume":"12","author":"Frye","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Just."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1353","DOI":"10.1002\/aws2.1353","article-title":"Establishing pathogen log reduction value targets for direct potable reuse in the United States","volume":"5","author":"Gerrity","year":"2023","journal-title":"AWWA Water Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.156714","article-title":"Characterizing the chemical and microbial fingerprint of unsheltered homelessness in an urban watershed","volume":"840","author":"Gerrity","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0029","first-page":"1","article-title":"The potential effects of climate change and drawdown on a newly constructed drinking water intake: study case in Las Vegas","volume":"27","author":"Hannoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Util. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2024.5336","article-title":"Experience of violence during homelessness","author":"Hargrave","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0021","unstructured":"Delta Dental Plans Association. 2014. \"Delta Dental Oral Health and Well-Being Survey\"."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6878","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.11.6878-6884.2005","article-title":"Development of a rapid method for simultaneous recovery of diverse microbes in drinking water by ultrafiltration with sodium polyphosphate and surfactants","volume":"71","author":"Hill","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0031","unstructured":"Help Hope Home. 2022. \"Homelessness in Southern Nevada: 2022 Point-In-Time Count & Survey\"."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hora, J., Cohim E.B., Sipert S., and Le\u00e3o A.. 2018. \"Quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of Campylobacter for roof-harvested rainwater domestic use.\" In Proceedings.","DOI":"10.3390\/ecws-2-04954"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.4c00512","article-title":"Microbial treatment targets for potable and nonpotable water reuse \u2013 A comprehensive update and harmonization","volume":"11","author":"Jahne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0035","unstructured":"Jaskolka, JR. 2012. 'Oral Health Needs Assessment of an Inner-City Homeless Population and Follow-up of Dental Referrals'."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.2175\/106143097X125182","article-title":"Epidemiological aspects of thermophilic Campylobacter in water-related environments: a review","volume":"69","author":"Koenraad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Water Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5125","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.11.5125-5132.2004","article-title":"Detection of campylobacter spp. In Chicken Fecal samples by real-Time PCR","volume":"42","author":"Lund","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0038","first-page":"1","article-title":"fitdistrplus: an R package for fitting distributions","volume":"64","author":"Laure Delignette-Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1912","DOI":"10.1021\/es505555f","article-title":"Hand-to-mouth contacts result in greater ingestion of feces than dietary water consumption in Tanzania: a quantitative fecal exposure assessment model","volume":"49","author":"Mattioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0043","series-title":"Las Vegas City Council Passes Ordinance Criminalizing Homelessness","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.1997.tb01071.x","article-title":"Distribution of serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli from Danish patients, poultry, cattle and swine","volume":"19","author":"Nielsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0041","article-title":"A novel approach to biological risk surveillance in occupational hygiene: a case study on the use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to determine occupational risks for wastewater treatment plants workers in Costa Rica","volume":"24","author":"Morales","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Risk Anal."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0042","series-title":"Housing Not Handcuffs 2019","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1007\/s10745-016-9843-8","article-title":"Ecosystem services and disservices for a vulnerable population: findings from urban waterways and wetlands in an American desert City","volume":"44","author":"Palta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2013.06.008","article-title":"Review of Campylobacter spp. in drinking and environmental waters","volume":"95","author":"Pitk\u00e4nen","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0238998","article-title":"Retention of E. coli and water on the skin after liquid contact","volume":"15","author":"Pitol","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS one"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03793-13","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota and species diversity of Campylobacter and Helicobacter spp. In migrating shorebirds in Delaware Bay","volume":"80","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.03.057","article-title":"Evaluation of exposure scenarios on intentional microbiological contamination in a drinking water distribution network","volume":"96","author":"Schijven","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9559","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01152","article-title":"Onsite nonpotable water systems pathogen treatment targets: a comparison of infection and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) risk benchmark approaches","volume":"57","author":"Schoen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2012.03.012","article-title":"Prevalence of human pathogens and indicators in stormwater runoff in Brisbane","volume":"46","author":"Sidhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2018.01.056","article-title":"Quantification of pathogens and markers of fecal contamination during storm events along popular surfing beaches in San Diego, California","volume":"136","author":"Steele","year":"2018","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2018.02.001","article-title":"Acute illness from Campylobacter jejuni may require high doses while infection occurs at low doses","volume":"24","author":"Teunis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.173361","article-title":"Sources of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an arid, urban, wastewater-dominated watershed","volume":"940","author":"Thompson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0056","series-title":"Exposure Factors Handbook 2011 Edition (Final)","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0057","series-title":"Recreational Water Quality Criteria","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0058","article-title":"Use of wastewater surveillance for early detection of Alpha and Epsilon SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern and estimation of overall COVID-19 infection burden","volume":"835","author":"Vo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ.t"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1021\/es101403q","article-title":"Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: five decades of experience","volume":"45","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0060","article-title":"Skid Row\u2019s clean water needs spur residents\u2019 continued fire hydrant hacking","author":"Yeo","year":"2019","journal-title":"USC Annenberg Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1718","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni: molecular biology and pathogenesis","volume":"5","author":"Young","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Rev. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425006827?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425006827?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,25]],"date-time":"2025-12-25T09:33:43Z","timestamp":1766655223000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135425006827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":59,"alternative-id":["S0043135425006827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk of gastrointestinal illness due to Campylobacter exposure in urban waterways for unsheltered persons experiencing homelessness","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.123773","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"123773"}}