{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T10:43:29Z","timestamp":1793961809442,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["L2324218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["L2324218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2032201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2032201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008766","name":"Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KFb22075XA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KFb22075XA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008766","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003392","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023J05198"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023J05198"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003392","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010614","name":"Putian University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,15]],"date-time":"2025-07-15T10:23:37Z","timestamp":1752575017000},"page":"124211","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Sub-nanometer FeOOH clusters drive mercury immobilization and methylation inhibition in paddy soil\u2013water systems via iron-modified biochar"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"286","author":[{"given":"Yunyun","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9956-0857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoming","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minghong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0001","article-title":"Mercury methylation and its accumulation in rice and paddy soil in degraded lands: a critical review","volume":"23","author":"Amin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Inno."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2014.09.027","article-title":"Effect of synthesis methods on magnetic Kans grass biochar for enhanced As(III, V) adsorption from aqueous solutions","volume":"71","author":"Baig","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomass. Bioenerg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.134446","article-title":"Field-aged rice hull biochar stimulated the methylation of mercury and altered the microbial community in a paddy soil under controlled redox condition changes","volume":"472","author":"Boie","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0004","series-title":"10th International Conference \u201cEnvironmental Engineering\u201d (ICEE-2017)","article-title":"Effect of modification with FeCl3 and MgCl2 on adsorption characteristics of woody biochar","author":"Chemerys","year":"2017"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3167","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25143167","article-title":"Application research of biochar for the remediation of soil heavy metals contamination: a review","volume":"25","author":"Cheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-017-9964-z","article-title":"Remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals with an emphasis on immobilization technology","volume":"40","author":"Derakhshan Nejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Hlth."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-016-0372-z","article-title":"Biochar to improve soil fertility. A review","volume":"36","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agron. Sustain. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0008","article-title":"Methylmercury bioaccumulation in rice and health effects: a systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2019.121342","article-title":"Distribution and speciation of iron in Fe-modified biochars and its application in removal of As(V), As(III), Cr(VI), and Hg(II): an X-ray absorption study","volume":"384","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137435","article-title":"Mechanistic investigation of mercury removal by unmodified and Fe-modified biochars based on synchrotron-based methods","volume":"719","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.224","article-title":"Bioaccessibility-corrected risk assessment of urban dietary methylmercury exposure via fish and rice consumption in China","volume":"630","author":"Gong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.02074","article-title":"An overview of selenium uptake, metabolism, and toxicity in plants","volume":"7","author":"Gupta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c05242","article-title":"Distribution and environmental preference of potential mercury methylators in paddy soils across China","volume":"59","author":"Hao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132712","article-title":"Effective reducing the mobility and health risk of mercury in soil under thiol-modified biochar amendment","volume":"462","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408554","article-title":"Relation of prenatal methylmercury exposure from environmental sources to childhood IQ","volume":"123","author":"Jacobson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Health. Persp."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3800","DOI":"10.1021\/es0524144","article-title":"Sulfate addition increases methylmercury production in an experimental wetland","volume":"40","author":"Jeremiason","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11653","DOI":"10.1021\/es3015327","article-title":"Mercury methylation rates for geochemically relevant HgII species in sediments","volume":"46","author":"Jonsson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.06.203","article-title":"Chlorine weaken the immobilization of Cd in soil-rice systems by biochar","volume":"235","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2021.129766","article-title":"Preparation and application of Fe\/biochar (Fe-BC) catalysts in wastewater treatment: a review","volume":"274","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestengg.3c00447","article-title":"Molecular insights into mercury sequestration by the sulfate and biochar bombined application strategy guide pollution treatments","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS. EST. Engg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2022.128447","article-title":"Mobilization and methylation of mercury with sulfur addition in paddy soil: implications for integrated water-sulfur management in controlling Hg accumulation in rice","volume":"430","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2017.04.129","article-title":"Influence of sulfur on the accumulation of mercury in rice plant (Oryza sativa L.) growing in mercury contaminated soils","volume":"182","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03511","article-title":"Understanding enhanced microbial MeHg production in mining-contaminated paddy soils under sulfate amendment: changes in Hg mobility or microbial methylators?","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.115585","article-title":"Microbial community function and methylmercury production in oxygen-limited paddy soil","volume":"266","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.068","article-title":"Methylmercury production in a paddy soil and its uptake by rice plants as affected by different geochemical mercury pools","volume":"129","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.01.007","article-title":"Mechanisms of mercury removal by biochars produced from different feedstocks determined using X-ray absorption spectroscopy","volume":"308","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13110","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.8b03052","article-title":"Unraveling microbial communities associated with methylmercury production in paddy soils","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2021.118259","article-title":"Selenium-amended biochar mitigates inorganic mercury and methylmercury accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"291","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711","DOI":"10.1021\/es103384v","article-title":"The process of methylmercury accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.)","volume":"45","author":"Meng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1579\/0044-7447(2007)36[3:MEAHEI]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Methylmercury exposure and health effects in humans: a worldwide concern","volume":"36","author":"Mergler","year":"2007","journal-title":"AMBIO: A. J. Human. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2018.10.069","article-title":"Removing mercury from aqueous solution using sulfurized biochar and associated mechanisms","volume":"244","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2023.107801","article-title":"Study on mercury adsorption mechanism of iron-modified biomass char in coal-fired flue gas based on density functional theory","volume":"247","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel. Process.Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaap.2021.105081","article-title":"Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal: a review","volume":"155","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Appl. Pyrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2014.03.001","article-title":"Rice methylmercury exposure and mitigation: a comprehensive review","volume":"133","author":"Rothenberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s11270-021-05343-5","article-title":"Iron-modified biochar from sugarcane straw to remove arsenic and lead from contaminated water","volume":"232","author":"Soares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water. Air. Soil. Poll."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2016.02.021","article-title":"Selenium inhibits sulfate-mediated methylmercury production in rice paddy soil","volume":"213","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.11.052","article-title":"Biochar amendment to further reduce methylmercury accumulation in rice grown in selenium-amended paddy soil","volume":"365","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.115547","article-title":"Biochar amendment mitigates the health risks of dietary methylmercury exposure from rice consumption in mercury-contaminated areas","volume":"267","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.124397","article-title":"Biochar-impacted sulfur cycling affects methylmercury phytoavailability in soils under different redox conditions","volume":"407","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20792","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-2268-8","article-title":"Remediation of arsenic-contaminated paddy soil by iron-modified biochar","volume":"25","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107484","article-title":"Rice hull biochar enhances the mobilization and methylation of mercury in a soil under changing redox conditions: implication for Hg risks management in paddy fields","volume":"168","author":"Xing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03656","article-title":"The interfacial behavior between biochar and doil minerals and its effect on biochar stability","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12040","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b03743","article-title":"Mercury removal by magnetic biochar derived from simultaneous activation and magnetization of sawdust","volume":"50","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s42773-021-00087-1","article-title":"Remediation of mercury-contaminated soils and sediments using biochar: a critical review","volume":"3","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochar"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jes.2022.02.011","article-title":"Biochar affects methylmercury production and bioaccumulation in paddy soils: insights from soil-derived dissolved organic matter","volume":"119","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2020.114687","article-title":"Sulfur-modified biochar as a soil amendment to stabilize mercury pollution: an accelerated simulation of long-term aging effects","volume":"264","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.172335","article-title":"Mercury supply limits methylmercury production in paddy soils","volume":"927","author":"Zhong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.01.015","article-title":"Prediction of methylmercury accumulation in rice grains by chemical extraction methods","volume":"199","author":"Zhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425011182?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425011182?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:18:00Z","timestamp":1778660280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135425011182"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0043135425011182"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Sub-nanometer FeOOH clusters drive mercury immobilization and methylation inhibition in paddy soil\u2013water systems via iron-modified biochar","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124211","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124211"}}