{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T03:59:55Z","timestamp":1788321595977,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009318","name":"Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009318","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danish National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T16:15:10Z","timestamp":1753805710000},"page":"124320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Elevated in-stream CO2 concentration stimulates net-N2O production from global fluvial ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"287","author":[{"given":"R.M.","family":"Mwanake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9288-1583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.M.","family":"Gettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E.G.","family":"Wangari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5565-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G.W.","family":"Macharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-2199-8017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Cuesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5520-8106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Schulz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Schloter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Butterbach-Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2814-4888","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R.","family":"Kiese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2023GL104987","article-title":"Inland waters can act as nitrous oxide sinks: observation and modeling reveal that nitrous oxide undersaturation may partially offset emissions","volume":"50","author":"Aho","year":"2023","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JG004750","article-title":"Differential response of greenhouse gas evasion to storms in forested and wetland streams","volume":"124","author":"Aho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14110","article-title":"Adaptation of global land use and management intensity to changes in climate and atmospheric carbon dioxide","volume":"24","author":"Alexander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.06132-11","article-title":"Factors driving potential ammonia oxidation in Canadian arctic ecosystems: does spatial scale matter?","volume":"78","author":"Banerjee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GB004047","article-title":"Nitrogen enrichment and the emission of nitrous oxide from streams","volume":"25","author":"Baulch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1011464108","article-title":"Nitrous oxide emission from denitrification in stream and river networks","volume":"108","author":"Beaulieu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(2002)083[1689:DOCEAN]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dissolved organic carbon enrichment alters nitrogen dynamics in a forest stream","volume":"83","author":"Bernhardt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60172a034","article-title":"Spectrophotometric determination of ammonia as indophenol","volume":"33","author":"Bolleter","year":"1961","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-16-3801-2019","article-title":"Variations in dissolved greenhouse gases (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O) in the Congo River network overwhelmingly driven by fluvial-wetland connectivity","volume":"16","author":"Borges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.5.2213-2221.2001","article-title":"Dissimilatory nitrite reductase genes from autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Casciotti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsec.2004.11.002","article-title":"Phylogenetic analysis of nitric oxide reductase gene homologues from aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria","volume":"52","author":"Casciotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3354\/ame041025","article-title":"Nitrous oxide production and nitrification kinetics by natural bacterial communitites of the lower Seine river (France)","volume":"41","author":"C\u00e9bron","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aquat. Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122620","article-title":"Unveiling riverine N2O dynamics along urbanization gradients by integrating hydrological, biogeochemical and microbial processes","volume":"268","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-023-00745-1","article-title":"Andean headwater and piedmont streams are hot spots of carbon dioxide and methane emissions in the Amazon basin","volume":"4","author":"Chiriboga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)91899-5","article-title":"The active species of \u201cCO2\u201d utilized by ribulose diphosphate carboxylase","volume":"244","author":"Cooper","year":"1969","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-002-0303-z","article-title":"Effect of carbon dioxide on nitrification rates","volume":"25","author":"Denecke","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioprocess Biosyst. Eng."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-019-0384-9","article-title":"Mobilization of aged and biolabile soil carbon by tropical deforestation","volume":"12","author":"Drake","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fiab004","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiab004","article-title":"Dechloromonas and close relatives prevail during hydrogenotrophic denitrification in stimulated microcosms with oxic aquifer material","volume":"97","author":"Duffner","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-021-00722-3","article-title":"Global carbon dioxide efflux from rivers enhanced by high nocturnal emissions","volume":"14","author":"G\u00f3mez-Gener","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.11111","article-title":"Dissolved nitrous oxide (N2O) dynamics in agricultural field drains and headwater streams in an intensive arable catchment","volume":"31","author":"Hama-Aziz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GB001991","article-title":"Patterns and controls of nitrous oxide emissions from waters draining a subtropical agricultural valley","volume":"17","author":"Harrison","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Biogeochem. Cycl."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12487","article-title":"Thermodynamic constraints on the utility of ecological stoichiometry for explaining global biogeochemical patterns","volume":"18","author":"Helton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Lett."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1007\/s10021-020-00584-7","article-title":"Divergent controls on stream greenhouse gas concentrations across a land-use gradient","volume":"24","author":"Herreid","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecosystems"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-326X(01)00194-1","article-title":"The inhibition of marine nitrification by ocean disposal of carbon dioxide","volume":"44","author":"Huesemann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mar. Pollut. Bull."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2523","DOI":"10.1021\/es5043222","article-title":"Characterizing the metabolic trade-off in Nitrosomonas europaea in response to changes in inorganic carbon supply","volume":"49","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.205","article-title":"Isotopic signatures of N 2 O produced by ammonia-oxidizing archaea from soils","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4166","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00095a009","article-title":"Membrane inlet mass spectrometer for rapid high-precision determination of N2, O2, and Ar in environmental water samples","volume":"66","author":"Kana","year":"1994","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2002.47.5.1380","article-title":"The influence of ammonium, nitrate, and dissolved oxygen concentrations on uptake, nitrification, and denitrification rates associated with prairie stream substrata","volume":"47","author":"Kemp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1127\/0941-2948\/2006\/0130","article-title":"World map of the K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification updated","volume":"15","author":"Kottek","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meteorol. Z."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EF001152","article-title":"Projecting global urban area growth through 2100 based on historical time series data and future shared socioeconomic pathways","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Fut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107639","article-title":"Membrane inlet mass spectrometry method (REOX\/MIMS) to measure 15N-nitrate in isotope-enrichment experiments","volume":"126","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10111","article-title":"Linking denitrification with ecosystem respiration in mountain streams","volume":"4","author":"Madinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marchem.2008.02.004","article-title":"Nitrification and denitrification as sources of sediment nitrous oxide production: a microsensor approach","volume":"110","author":"Meyer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0034","first-page":"69","article-title":"Gross nitrogen fluxes in soil : theory, measurement and application of 15N pool dilution techniques","volume":"79","author":"Murphy","year":"2003"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3491","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JG005063","article-title":"Land use, not stream order, controls N2O concentration and flux in the upper mara river basin, Kenya","volume":"124","author":"Mwanake","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.12166","article-title":"Basin-scale estimates of greenhouse gas emissions from the Mara River, Kenya: importance of discharge, stream size, and land use\/land cover","volume":"67","author":"Mwanake","year":"2022","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2023.1220544","article-title":"Interactive effects of catchment mean water residence time and agricultural area on water physico-chemical variables and GHG saturations in headwater streams","volume":"5","author":"Mwanake","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Water"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3395","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-20-3395-2023","article-title":"Anthropogenic activities significantly increase annual greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes from temperate headwater streams in Germany","volume":"20","author":"Mwanake","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-024-33394-8","article-title":"Divergent drivers of the spatial variation in greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes along the Rhine River and the Mittelland canal in Germany","author":"Mwanake","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2024.177984","article-title":"From data to insights: upscaling riverine GHG fluxes in Germany with machine learning","volume":"958","author":"Mwanake","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0041","series-title":"Techniques and Methods","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3133\/tm5B8","article-title":"Colorimetric determination of nitrate plus nitrite in water by enzymatic reduction, automated discrete analyzer methods","author":"Patton","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/frwa.2023.1321137","article-title":"Precipitation fuels dissolved greenhouse gas (CO2, CH4, N2O) dynamics in a peatland-dominated headwater stream: results from a continuous monitoring setup","volume":"5","author":"Piatka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2019.02.021","article-title":"Nitrous oxide from streams and rivers: a review of primary biogeochemical pathways and environmental variables","volume":"191","author":"Quick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth-Sci. Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.2307\/1352351","article-title":"Carbon dioxide concentration and atmospheric flux in the Hudson River","volume":"20","author":"Raymond","year":"1997","journal-title":"Estuaries"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10069","article-title":"Anthropogenic influences on riverine fluxes of dissolved inorganic carbon to the oceans","volume":"3","author":"Raymond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1830","article-title":"Anthropogenic perturbation of the carbon fluxes from land to ocean","volume":"6","author":"Regnier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10405","article-title":"Stream <scp>CO 2 <\/scp>emissions are overestimated without consideration of diel water and atmospheric <scp>CO 2 <\/scp>variability","author":"Reichenpfader","year":"2024","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JG003261","article-title":"Sediment, water column, and open-channel denitrification in rivers measured using membrane-inlet mass spectrometry","volume":"121","author":"Reisinger","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0049","article-title":"Microbial ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase\/oxygenase: a different perspective","volume":"60","author":"Robert Tabita","year":"1999"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1556","article-title":"Dependence of riverine nitrous oxide emissions on dissolved oxygen levels","volume":"5","author":"Rosamond","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0051","series-title":"A Beginner\u2019s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Schumacker","year":"2010"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-15-2879-2023","article-title":"GRiMeDB: the global river methane database of concentrations and fluxes","volume":"15","author":"Stanley","year":"2023","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2018.02.001","article-title":"Availability of carbon sources on the ratio of nitrifying microbial biomass in an industrial activated sludge","volume":"129","author":"Steuernagel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Biodeterior. Biodegrad."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2013.220","article-title":"Aerobic nitrous oxide production through N-nitrosating hybrid formation in ammonia-oxidizing archaea","volume":"8","author":"Stieglmeier","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1130\/0016-7606(1952)63[1117:HAAOET]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Hypsometric (area-altitude) analysis of erosional topography","volume":"63","author":"Strahler","year":"1952","journal-title":"Gsa Bull."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.2002.00776.x","article-title":"Effect of dissolved organic carbon quality on microbial decomposition and nitrification rates in stream sediments","volume":"47","author":"Strauss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1139\/f02-032","article-title":"Factors regulating nitrification in aquatic sediments: effects of organic carbon, nitrogen availability, and pH","volume":"59","author":"Strauss","year":"2002","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"issue":"7292","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08985","article-title":"Stoichiometric control of organic carbon-nitrate relationships from soils to the sea","volume":"464","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/acc3b1","article-title":"Stoichiometry on the edge\u2014humans induce strong imbalances of reactive C:N:P ratios in streams","volume":"18","author":"Wachholz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121144","article-title":"Denitrification regulates spatiotemporal pattern of N2O emission in an interconnected urban river-lake network","volume":"251","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7270","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.16458","article-title":"Indirect nitrous oxide emission factors of fluvial networks can be predicted by dissolved organic carbon and nitrate from local to global scales","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0062","article-title":"Ammonium-derived nitrous oxide is a global source in streams","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0063","article-title":"Number of chamber measurement locations for accurate quantification of landscape-scale greenhouse gas fluxes: importance of land use, seasonality, and greenhouse gas type","volume":"127","author":"Wangari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.2003.01094.x","article-title":"Factors affecting ammonium uptake in streams \u2013 an inter-biome perspective","volume":"48","author":"Webster","year":"2003","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152141","article-title":"Role of chemical reactions in the nitrogenous trace gas emissions and nitrogen retention: a meta-analysis","volume":"808","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(74)90015-2","article-title":"Carbon dioxide in water and seawater: the solubility of a non-ideal gas","volume":"2","author":"Weiss","year":"1974","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4203(80)90024-9","article-title":"Nitrous oxide solubility in water and seawater","volume":"8","author":"Weiss","year":"1980","journal-title":"Mar. Chem."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22702-2","article-title":"Global land use changes are four times greater than previously estimated","volume":"12","author":"Winkler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2021AV000517","article-title":"Stream transport and substrate controls on nitrous oxide yields from hyporheic zone denitrification","volume":"2","author":"Winnick","year":"2021","journal-title":"AGU Adv."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/lol2.10374","article-title":"Enhanced stream greenhouse gas emissions at night and during flood events","volume":"9","author":"Woodrow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.03.020","article-title":"The role of nitrifier denitrification in the production of nitrous oxide revisited","volume":"123","author":"Wrage-M\u00f6nnig","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41893-024-01358-y","article-title":"Globally elevated greenhouse gas emissions from polluted urban rivers","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Sustain."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-019-0665-8","article-title":"Increased global nitrous oxide emissions from streams and rivers in the Anthropocene","volume":"10","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s43247-022-00575-7","article-title":"Global changes alter the amount and composition of land carbon deliveries to European rivers and seas","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Earth Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116624","article-title":"Urban rivers are hotspots of riverine greenhouse gas (N2O, CH4, CO2) emissions in the mixed-landscape chaohu lake basin","volume":"189","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425012266?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425012266?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T02:11:51Z","timestamp":1762222311000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135425012266"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S0043135425012266"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Elevated in-stream CO2 concentration stimulates net-N2O production from global fluvial ecosystems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124320","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124320"}}