{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T00:12:06Z","timestamp":1794442326263,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42407088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42407088"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010211","name":"Education Department of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JJKH20241305KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20241305KJ"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFC3703103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFC3703103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T15:29:51Z","timestamp":1756740591000},"page":"124527","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"PB","title":["Micro-mechanism of residual PCE removal from aquifers by in-situ microemulsion: behavior and proportion of mobilization and solubilization"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"287","author":[{"given":"Yanyang","family":"Mo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaoge","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2341","DOI":"10.1021\/es00048a006","article-title":"Surfactant-enhanced solubilization of residual dodecane in soil columns. 2. Mathematical modeling","volume":"27","author":"Abriola","year":"1993","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2012.07.005","article-title":"Laboratory-scale experiments and numerical modeling of cosolvent flushing of multi-component NAPLs in saturated porous media","volume":"140","author":"Agaoglu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0003","article-title":"Experimental investigation of cosolvent flushing of DNAPL in double-porosity soil using light transmission visualization","volume":"584","author":"Alazaiza","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2017.10.001","article-title":"Sherwood correlation for dissolution of pooled NAPL in porous media","volume":"206","author":"Aydin Sarikurt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0005","article-title":"Experimental investigation on transport property and emulsification mechanism of polymeric surfactants in porous media","volume":"186","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0006","series-title":"Surfactants in Solution","article-title":"Mixed Micelle structure: cosurfactant and charge influence","author":"Chevalier","year":"1986"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7883","DOI":"10.1021\/es0505043","article-title":"Measured mass transfer coefficients in porous Media using specific interfacial area","volume":"39","author":"Cho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11242-008-9331-8","article-title":"Pore-scale analysis of NAPL blob dissolution and mobilization in porous Media","volume":"79","author":"Corapcioglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transp. Porous Med."},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4618","DOI":"10.1021\/es0158859","article-title":"Formulating chlorinated hydrocarbon microemulsions using linker molecules","volume":"36","author":"Edgar Acosta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.122331","article-title":"A comprehensive visual study on in-situ oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsification through oil thin film in oil-wet and mixed-wet porous media: a microfluidic approach","volume":"385","author":"Esfandiarian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127409","article-title":"Aquifer flushing using a SDS\/1-butanol based in-situ microemulsion: performance and mechanism for the remediation of nitrobenzene contamination","volume":"424","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2019.03.003","article-title":"A pore-scale investigation of heavy crude oil trapping and removal during surfactant-enhanced remediation","volume":"223","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.10.035","article-title":"Removal of crude oil residue from solid surfaces using microemulsions","volume":"237","author":"Hernandez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2022.110785","article-title":"Experimental study on the imbibition mechanism of the Winsor type I surfactant system with ultra-low IFT in oil-wet shale oil reservoirs by NMR","volume":"216","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0015","article-title":"Surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation: mechanisms, influences, limitations and the countermeasures","volume":"252","author":"Huo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117305","article-title":"Electrokinetically-enhanced emplacement of lactate in a chlorinated solvent contaminated clay site to promote bioremediation","volume":"201","author":"Inglis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2018.08.001","article-title":"Enhanced solubility of trichloroethylene (TCE) by a poly-oxyethylene alcohol as green surfactant","volume":"12","author":"Intiso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Inno."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2016.01.003","article-title":"Mobilization and micellar solubilization of NAPL contaminants in aquifer rocks","volume":"185","author":"Javanbakht","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0019","first-page":"523","article-title":"Field implementation of a Winsor Type I surfactant\/alcohol mixture for in situ solubilization of a complex LNAPL as a single-phase microemulsion","volume":"32","author":"Jawitz","year":"1998"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1021\/es980908d","article-title":"Surfactant enhanced perchloroethylene dissolution in porous Media: the effect on mass transfer rate coefficients","volume":"33","author":"Johnson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8135","DOI":"10.1021\/es070834i","article-title":"Experimental and numerical validation of the total trapping number for prediction of DNAPL mobilization","volume":"41","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2023.125534","article-title":"Solubilization mechanism and mass-transfer model of anionic-nonionic gemini surfactants for chlorinated hydrocarbons","volume":"330","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0023","article-title":"Surfactant-enhanced remediation of oil-contaminated soil and groundwater: a review","volume":"756","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2022.130461","article-title":"Formation of in-situ microemulsion and its efficiency for residual PCE removal in low temperature aquifers","volume":"656","author":"Mo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface. A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2024.126342","article-title":"Mechanisms of simultaneous removal of multiple chlorinated hydrocarbons in aquifers by in-situ microemulsion","volume":"336","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.132772","article-title":"Field demonstration of in-situ microemulsion flushing for enhanced remediation of multiple chlorinated solvents contaminated aquifer","volume":"463","author":"Mo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2018.10.104","article-title":"Pore-level visual analysis of heavy oil recovery using chemical-assisted waterflooding process \u2013 use of a new chemical agent","volume":"239","author":"Mohammadzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR000667","article-title":"Mass transfer correlations for nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution from regions with high initial saturations","volume":"39","author":"Nambi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6622(92)80117-K","article-title":"Dynamic interfacial tension of crude oil\/alkali\/surfactant systems","volume":"66","author":"Nasr-El-Din","year":"1992","journal-title":"Colloid. Surface."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.petrol.2017.07.032","article-title":"Mobilization and displacement of heavy oil by cationic microemulsions in different sandstone formations","volume":"157","author":"Nguele","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Petrol. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124690","article-title":"Assessing human health risk of groundwater DNAPL contamination by quantifying the model structure uncertainty","volume":"584","author":"Pan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1021\/ef200605a","article-title":"Analysis of microscopic displacement mechanisms of Alkaline flooding for enhanced heavy-oil recovery","volume":"25","author":"Pei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3176","DOI":"10.1021\/es011403h","article-title":"Density-modified displacement for DNAPL source zone remediation:\u2009 Density conversion and recovery in heterogeneous aquifer cells","volume":"36","author":"Pennell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2012.01.014","article-title":"Interfacial tension behavior of double long-chain 1,3,5-triazine surfactants for enhanced oil recovery","volume":"96","author":"Qiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fuel"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-019-07194-4","article-title":"Remediation of trapped DNAPL enhanced by SDS surfactant and silica nanoparticles in heterogeneous porous media: experimental data and empirical models","volume":"27","author":"Ramezanzadeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/S0309-1708(01)00025-2","article-title":"Dissolution of residual non-aqueous phase liquids in porous media: pore-scale mechanisms and mass transfer rates","volume":"25","author":"Sahloul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Water Resour."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconhyd.2003.10.003","article-title":"Effect of scale and dimensionality on the surfactant-enhanced solubilization of a residual DNAPL contamination","volume":"71","author":"Schaerlaekens","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(00)00131-5","article-title":"Surfactant enhanced solubilization of residual trichloroethene: an experimental and numerical analysis","volume":"46","author":"Schaerlaekens","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-7722(00)00185-6","article-title":"Surfactant enhanced recovery of tetrachloroethylene from a porous medium containing low permeability lenses: 1. Experimental studies","volume":"48","author":"Taylor","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Contam. Hydrol."},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7096","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b00821","article-title":"Pore scale dynamics of microemulsion formation","volume":"32","author":"Unsal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1021\/es3014503","article-title":"Experimental study of crossover from capillary to viscous fingering for supercritical CO2\u2013Water displacement in a homogeneous pore network","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.140071","article-title":"Pore-scale investigation of surfactant-enhanced DNAPL mobilization and solubilization","volume":"341","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.129586","article-title":"Mass transfer during surfactant-enhanced DNAPL remediation: pore-scale experiments and new correlation","volume":"621","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR029326","article-title":"Impact of cosolvents on the interphase mass transfer of NAPLs in porous Media","volume":"57","author":"Yaksi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2023.130532","article-title":"Remediation of DNAPL-contaminated heterogeneous aquifers using colloidal biliquid aphron: multiscale experiments and pore-scale simulations","volume":"628","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.127932","article-title":"Influence of distribution characteristics of residual DNAPL on mass transfer in porous media under ethanol co-solvent flushing","volume":"610","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1021\/es404535q","article-title":"Electrolytic manipulation of persulfate reactivity by iron electrodes for trichloroethylene degradation in groundwater","volume":"48","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.12.009","article-title":"A novel solubilization of phenanthrene using Winsor I microemulsion-based sodium castor oil sulfate","volume":"119","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9903","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.energyfuels.1c00821","article-title":"Control of generalized capillary number on immiscible displacement path: NMR online and network simulation of fluid displacement mechanism","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Energy Fuel."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.04.045","article-title":"In situ micro-emulsification during surfactant enhanced oil recovery: a microfluidic study","volume":"620","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Colloid. Interf. Sci."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2004.03.018","article-title":"Solubilization of pyrene by anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425014319?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425014319?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T19:45:15Z","timestamp":1772826315000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135425014319"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0043135425014319"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Micro-mechanism of residual PCE removal from aquifers by in-situ microemulsion: behavior and proportion of mobilization and solubilization","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124527","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124527"}}