{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T14:18:29Z","timestamp":1793369909351,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789084800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":253,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000005","name":"U.S. Department of Defense","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000005","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013316","name":"Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ER23\\u20133593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ER23\\u20133593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013316","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T16:00:21Z","timestamp":1757347221000},"page":"124569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"special_numbering":"PA","title":["Tailored carbonaceous materials as biofilter amendments for PFAS removal in stormwater runoff"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"288","author":[{"given":"James C.","family":"Magee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nourin I.","family":"Seenthia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bridget","family":"Wadzuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-1921-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donya","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9707-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ke","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0181-1326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Blaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9838-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenqing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1081\/ESE-200038392","article-title":"Adsorption of anionic surfactant on alumina and reuse of the surfactant-modified alumina for the removal of crystal violet from aquatic environment","volume":"40","author":"Adak","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.106586","article-title":"A novel biochar adsorbent for treatment of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) contaminated water: exploring batch and dynamic adsorption behavior","volume":"69","author":"Afrooz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Process Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0078","unstructured":"ASTM International (2018) D5907-18: standard test methods for filterable matter (Total Dissolved Solids) and nonfilterable matter (Total Suspended Solids) in water. https:\/\/www.astm.org\/d5907-18.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1021\/es3034999","article-title":"Zwitterionic, cationic, and anionic fluorinated chemicals in aqueous film forming foam formulations and groundwater from U.S. military bases by nonaqueous large-volume injection HPLC-MS\/MS","volume":"47","author":"Backe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11720","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.4c12167","article-title":"Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plant effluent contributions to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Potomac River: a basin-scale measuring and modeling approach","volume":"59","author":"Barber","year":"2025","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05843","article-title":"Discovery of 40 classes of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in historical aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) and AFFF-impacted groundwater","volume":"51","author":"Barzen-Hanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12394","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b03452","article-title":"Sorption of fluorotelomer sulfonates, fluorotelomer sulfonamido betaines, and a fluorotelomer sulfonamido amine in national foam aqueous film-forming foam to soil","volume":"51","author":"Barzen-Hanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.164161","article-title":"Per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in Pennsylvania surface waters: a statewide assessment, associated sources, and land-use relations","volume":"888","author":"Breitmeyer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0065","unstructured":"Creating Your Rain Garden - Pennsylvania Environmental Council. (n.d.). https:\/\/pecpa.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/Water-Resources-Create-Your-Rain-Garden.pdf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113550","article-title":"High-content screening in zebrafish identifies perfluorooctanesulfonamide as a potent developmental toxicant","volume":"256","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jallcom.2017.08.085","article-title":"Synthesis of MgAl2O4 spinel by thermal plasma and its synergetic structural study","volume":"726","author":"Dash","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Alloy. Compd."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-018-0585-z","article-title":"Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances in runoff water and wastewater sampled at a firefighter training area","volume":"76","author":"Dauchy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Env. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2024.100292","article-title":"Recent advances in nano\u2011metal oxide\u2011biochar composites for efficient removal of environmental contaminants","volume":"7","author":"Dzoujo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2014.09.005","article-title":"Historical usage of aqueous film forming foam: a case study of the widespread distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids from a military airport to groundwater, lakes, soils and fish","volume":"129","author":"Filipovic","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.05.026","article-title":"Occurrence of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in N.E. Spanish surface waters and their removal in a drinking water treatment plant that combines conventional and advanced treatments in parallel lines","volume":"461\u2013462","author":"Flores","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Env."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115381","article-title":"Removal of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from water by adsorption: role of PFAS chain length, effect of organic matter and challenges in adsorbent regeneration","volume":"171","author":"Gagliano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.23362","article-title":"Historical and current usage of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS): a literature review","volume":"66","author":"Gaines","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Ind. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2015.06.018","article-title":"Application of BMP to urban runoff control using SUSTAIN model: case study in an industrial area","volume":"318","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/1034\/1\/012042","article-title":"Influences of zinc chloride on fast pyrolysis of pinewood","volume":"1034","author":"Garrido","year":"2022","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Env. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0077","series-title":"National Field Manual For the Collection of Water Quality Data","author":"Geological Survey","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1039\/D0EM00291G","article-title":"An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS)","volume":"22","author":"Gl\u00fcge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Process Impacts"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0044","first-page":"10","article-title":"Mineralogical characterization of PM10 over the Central Himalayan Region","volume":"27","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0072","series-title":"Water Analysis Handbook","article-title":"Zinc, Zincon Method 8009","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eti.2020.100816","article-title":"Adsorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) onto metal oxides modified biochar","volume":"19","author":"Hassan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Technol. Innov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2014.10.003","article-title":"LID-BMPs planning for urban runoff control and the case study in China","volume":"149","author":"Jia","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Env. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaenm.2c00096","article-title":"Surfactant-modified clay for adsorption of mixtures of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous solutions","volume":"1","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.162653","article-title":"Physical and chemical properties of carbon-based sorbents that affect the removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from solution and soil","volume":"875","author":"Kabiri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.122973","article-title":"Stormwater discharges affect PFAS occurrence, concentrations, and spatial distribution in water and bottom sediment of urban streams","volume":"271","author":"Kali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.135753","article-title":"Considerations for evaluating innovative stormwater treatment media for removal of dissolved contaminants of concern with focus on biochar","volume":"307","author":"Kaya","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8328","DOI":"10.1021\/es072107t","article-title":"Perfluorinated acids in air, rain, snow, surface runoff, and lakes: relative importance of pathways to contamination of urban lakes","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/2228-5326-3-30","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Nano Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1551-8833.1993.tb06087.x","article-title":"Investigating filter performance as a function of the ratio of filter size to Media size","volume":"85","author":"Lang","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. AWWA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2197","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b05005","article-title":"National estimate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) release to U.S. municipal landfill leachate","volume":"51","author":"Lang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuproc.2023.107987","article-title":"Activation of pine needles with zinc chloride: evolution of functionalities and structures of activated carbon versus increasing temperature","volume":"252","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fuel Process Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1039\/D3TA01851B","article-title":"Efficient removal of short-chain and long-chain PFAS by cationic nanocellulose","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4124","DOI":"10.1021\/jp7101572","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of Gibbsite nanostructures","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001503","article-title":"Aluminum-impregnated biochar for adsorption of arsenic(V) in urban stormwater runoff","volume":"145","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111492","article-title":"Metal salt-modified biochars derived from agro-waste for effective congo red dye removal","volume":"200","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0001","unstructured":"OECD Reconciling Terminology of the Universe of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. OECD https:\/\/www.oecd.org\/en\/publications\/reconciling-terminology-of-the-universe-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances_e458e796-en.html (2021)."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0031","article-title":"Vacuum pyrolysis of bark residues and primary sludges","volume":"77","author":"Pakdel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Tappi. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-019-0172-6","article-title":"Comprehensive review on production and utilization of biochar","volume":"1","author":"Panwar","year":"2019","journal-title":"SN Appl. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2019.115364","article-title":"Adsorption of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater by granular activated carbons: roles of hydrophobicity of PFAS and carbon characteristics","volume":"170","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0012","unstructured":"PFAS found in camp grayling stormwater runoff; online public info meeting set for Sept. 9 | news | record-eagle.com. https:\/\/www.record-eagle.com\/news\/pfas-found-in-camp-grayling-stormwater-runoff-online-public-info-meeting-set-for-sept-9\/article_8d2265c6-05e0-11ec-9a4e-bbe51abd1e4d.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.minpro.2006.02.001","article-title":"Microstructure characterization of mechanically activated hematite using XRD line broadening","volume":"79","author":"Pourghahramani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Miner. Process"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2024.123034","article-title":"Enhancing biochar production: a technical analysis of the combined influence of chemical activation (KOH and NaOH) and pyrolysis atmospheres (N2\/CO2) on yields and properties of rice husk-derecreasived biochar","volume":"370","author":"Premchand","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Env. Manag."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenvironau.2c00037","article-title":"Black carbon-amended engineered Media filters for improved treatment of stormwater runoff","volume":"3","author":"Pritchard","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Env. Au."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14417","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.3c01260","article-title":"Predicting PFAS and hydrophilic trace organic contaminant transport in black carbon-amended engineered Media filters for improved stormwater runoff treatment","volume":"57","author":"Pritchard","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121811","article-title":"Flow rate and kinetics of trace organic contaminants removal in black carbon-amended engineered media filters for improved stormwater runoff treatment","volume":"258","author":"Pritchard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EW00936A","article-title":"Pilot scale removal of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and precursors from AFFF-impacted groundwater by granular activated carbon","volume":"6","author":"Rodowa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2020.164375","article-title":"Ultraviolet, vacuum ultraviolet excited photoluminescence study of sol-gel derived CaAl4O7:Tb3+ green emitting phosphor","volume":"213","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/rem.21603","article-title":"Influence of groundwater conditions and co-contaminants on sorption of perfluoroalkyl compounds on granular activated carbon","volume":"29","author":"Siriwardena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remediat. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142760","article-title":"Enhanced sorption and destruction of PFAS by biochar-enabled advanced reduction process","volume":"363","author":"Song","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EW00674E","article-title":"Hydrophilic trace organic contaminants in urban stormwater: occurrence, toxicological relevance, and the need to enhance green stormwater infrastructure","volume":"6","author":"Spahr","year":"2019","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116495","article-title":"Toward systematic understanding of adsorptive removal of legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by various activated carbons (ACs)","volume":"233","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116495","article-title":"Toward systematic understanding of adsorptive removal of legacy and emerging per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) by various activated carbons (ACs)","volume":"233","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.11.048","article-title":"Sustainable efficient adsorbent: alkali-acid modified magnetic biochar derived from sewage sludge for aqueous organic contaminant removal","volume":"336","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2020.116648","article-title":"Conventional and amended bioretention soil media for targeted pollutant treatment: a critical review to guide the state of the practice","volume":"189","author":"Tirpak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3311\/pp.ch.2009-2.08","article-title":"pH-dependent surface charging of metal oxides","volume":"53","author":"Tomb\u00e1cz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Period Polytech. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0074","unstructured":"U. S. EPA. Analysis of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in aqueous, solid, biosolids, and tissue samples by LC-MS\/MS (Method 1633, Revision A). 2024."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6222","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b00376","article-title":"Biochar and activated carbon for enhanced trace organic contaminant retention in stormwater infiltration systems","volume":"49","author":"Ulrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1039\/C7EW00070G","article-title":"Improved contaminant removal in vegetated stormwater biofilters amended with biochar","volume":"3","author":"Ulrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Water Res. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0015","unstructured":"US EPA, O. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/sdwa\/and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfas (2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2011.11.029","article-title":"Perfluoroalkyl acids in urban stormwater runoff: influence of land use","volume":"46","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6342","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b00970","article-title":"Sorption of poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) relevant to aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)-impacted groundwater by biochars and activated carbon","volume":"51","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Env. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmmm.2006.07.037","article-title":"Preparation and magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles by sol\u2013gel method","volume":"309","author":"Xu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Magn. Magn. Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0051","article-title":"Highly effective lead removal by novel alkaline biochar prepared by pyrolysis of woody biomass impregnated with low-level NaOH","volume":"18","author":"Yan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater. Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.12.001","article-title":"Sorption of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate on activated carbons and resin: kinetic and isotherm study","volume":"43","author":"Yu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00622-8","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid","volume":"25","author":"Zahm","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1080\/09593330.2019.1680744","article-title":"Sorption of perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) onto granular activated carbon and biochar","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Env. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1021\/acsestwater.2c00597","article-title":"Enhanced removal of polyfluoroalkyl substances by simple modified biochar: adsorption performance and theoretical calculation","volume":"3","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS EST Water"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2013.04.015","article-title":"Heterogeneity of biochar properties as a function of feedstock sources and production temperatures","volume":"256-257","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Hazard Mater."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.221","article-title":"Short-and long-chain perfluoroalkyl substances in the water, suspended particulate matter, and surface sediment of a turbid river","volume":"568","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.145305","article-title":"Formation and mechanisms of nano-metal oxide-biochar composites for pollutants removal: a review","volume":"767","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Env."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425014733?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135425014733?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T22:05:03Z","timestamp":1772834703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135425014733"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["S0043135425014733"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Tailored carbonaceous materials as biofilter amendments for PFAS removal in stormwater runoff","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124569","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"124569"}}