{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:55:01Z","timestamp":1791564901359,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25H0755"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25H0755"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000646","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science London","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20H00259"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20H00259"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000646","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T16:48:29Z","timestamp":1767890909000},"page":"125352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["A full-scale Co-located comparison of virus removal by membrane bioreactor and conventional activated sludge systems"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"292","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5365-6201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tippawan","family":"Singhopon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-276X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vu Duc","family":"Canh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9936-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Syun-suke","family":"Kadoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3429-9069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Katayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coesh.2020.02.009","article-title":"Recycled water safety: current status of traditional and emerging viral indicators","volume":"16","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Environ. Sci. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2021.03.001","article-title":"Seconds save lives \u2013 clean your hands\u201d: the 5 may 2021 world health organization save lives: clean your hands campaign","volume":"111","author":"Allegranzi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hosp. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0003","first-page":"339","article-title":"United nations sustainable development goals 2030 and environmental sustainability: race against time","volume":"2","author":"Arora","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sustain."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.05.012","article-title":"Evaluation of virus removal efficiency of coagulation-sedimentation and rapid sand filtration processes in a drinking water treatment plant in Bangkok","volume":"101","author":"Asami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thailand. Water Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2008.112797","article-title":"The MIQE guidelines: minimum information for publication of quantitative real-time PCR experiments","volume":"55","author":"Bustin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0006","unstructured":"California state water resources control board., 2025. Drinking water-related laws. URL. https:\/\/www.waterboards.ca.gov\/drinking_water\/certlic\/drinkingwater\/Lawbook.html. (accessed 10.21.25)."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0007","first-page":"83","article-title":"Impact of various humic acids on EMA-RT-qPCR to selectively detect intact viruses in drinking water","volume":"16","author":"Canh","year":"2018","journal-title":"JWET"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09368-2","article-title":"Viability RT-qPCR combined with sodium deoxycholate pre-treatment for selective quantification of infectious viruses in drinking water samples","volume":"11","author":"Canh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0009","article-title":"Application of CAPSID integrity (RT-)QPCR to assessing occurrence of intact viruses in surface water and tap water in Japan","volume":"189","author":"Canh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148342","article-title":"Capsid integrity RT-qPCR for the selective detection of intact SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater","volume":"791","author":"Canh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2815","DOI":"10.1021\/es505332n","article-title":"Mechanisms of pathogenic virus removal in a Full-Scale membrane bioreactor","volume":"49","author":"Chaudhry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149678","article-title":"Comparative effectiveness of membrane technologies and disinfection methods for virus elimination in water: A review","volume":"801","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v064.i04","article-title":"fitdistrplus: an R package for fitting distributions","volume":"64","author":"Delignette-Muller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Stat. Softw."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12560-019-09369-1","article-title":"Critical evaluation of CRAssphage as a molecular marker for human-derived wastewater contamination in the aquatic environment","volume":"11","author":"Farkas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Environ. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2016.11.020","article-title":"How much reduction of virus is needed for recycled water: A continuous changing need for assessment?","volume":"108","author":"Gerba","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7434","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01605-08","article-title":"Quantification and genotyping of torque teno virus at a wastewater treatment plant in Japan","volume":"74","author":"Haramoto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.5.2403-2411.2005","article-title":"Application of Cation-Coated filter method to detection of noroviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, and torque teno viruses in the Tamagawa River in Japan","volume":"71","author":"Haramoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0018","series-title":"Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R","author":"Helsel","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121242","article-title":"Mitigation of viruses of concern and bacteriophage surrogates via common unit processes for water reuse: a meta-analysis","volume":"252","author":"Heffron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.03.003","article-title":"Bacteriophages as enteric viral indicators in bivalve mollusc management","volume":"65","author":"Hodgson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.3390\/w9070534","article-title":"Membrane bioreactor-based wastewater treatment plant in saudi arabia: reduction of viral diversity, load, and infectious capacity","volume":"9","author":"Jumat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0022","first-page":"1441","article-title":"One year monthly quantitative survey of noroviruses, enteroviruses, and adenoviruses in wastewater collected from six plants in Japan","volume":"42","author":"Katayama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/s41545-018-0019-5","article-title":"Pepper mild mottle virus as a water quality indicator","volume":"1","author":"Kitajima","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Clean Water"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167105","article-title":"From lab to lake \u2013 evaluation of current molecular methods for the detection of infectious enteric viruses in complex water matrices in an urban area","volume":"11","author":"Leifels","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1119\/1.1526134","article-title":"An introduction to stochastic processes in physics","volume":"71","author":"Lemons","year":"2003","journal-title":"American J. phys."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001743","article-title":"Removal of viruses in membrane bioreactors","volume":"146","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Eng."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.2166\/wh.2025.281","article-title":"Removal capacities of wastewater treatment plants to minimize spread of enteroviruses","volume":"23","author":"Ozgur","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12971","article-title":"Assessment of human virus removal during municipal wastewater treatment in edmonton","volume":"119","author":"Qiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Canada. J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9524","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b01384","article-title":"Virus reduction during advanced bardenpho and conventional wastewater treatment processes","volume":"50","author":"Schmitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60547-9","article-title":"Applicability of crassphage, pepper mild mottle virus, and tobacco mosaic virus as indicators of reduction of enteric viruses during wastewater treatment","volume":"10","author":"Tandukar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0031","article-title":"Virus reduction at wastewater treatment plants in Nepal","volume":"5","author":"Tandukar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Chall."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2024.121197","article-title":"Evaluation of virus removal in membrane bioreactor (MBR) and conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes based on long-term monitoring at two wastewater treatment plants","volume":"253","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0033","series-title":"guidelines for water reuse (EPA\/600\/R-12\/618)","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0034","series-title":"Potable reuse compendium (EPA\/810\/R-17\/002)","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.158310","article-title":"Removal performance of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater treatment by membrane bioreactor, anaerobic-anoxic-oxic, and conventional activated sludge processes","volume":"851","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117735","article-title":"Applicability of pepper mild mottle virus and cucumber green mottle mosaic virus as process indicators of enteric virus removal by membrane processes at a potable reuse facility","volume":"206","author":"Yasui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352_bib0037","article-title":"Virus removal by membrane bioreactors: a review of mechanism investigation and modeling efforts","volume":"188","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Res."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426000345?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426000345?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:20:36Z","timestamp":1791562836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135426000345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":37,"alternative-id":["S0043135426000345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"A full-scale Co-located comparison of virus removal by membrane bioreactor and conventional activated sludge systems","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125352","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"125352"}}