{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T18:30:06Z","timestamp":1782930606079,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008982","name":"Qatar Research Development and Innovation Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Water Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T00:12:22Z","timestamp":1772151142000},"page":"125645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Making waves: the perpetual membrane"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"297","author":[{"given":"Abedalkader","family":"Alkhouzaam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marwan","family":"Khraisheh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2022.04.069","article-title":"Characterization of surface properties of thin film composite (TFC) membranes under various loading conditions","volume":"71","author":"Alabtah","year":"2022","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0002","article-title":"Evolution of surface damage of thin film composite (TFC) reverse osmosis (RO) membranes under controlled hygro-mechanical conditions","volume":"39","author":"Alkhouzaam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Surf. Interface."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.117104","article-title":"Towards sustainable management of end-of-life membranes: novel transformation of end of life (EoL) reverse osmosis membranes for efficient dye\/salt separation","volume":"571","author":"Alkhouzaam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117609","article-title":"Development of eco-friendly coating for the fabrication of high performing loose nanofiltration membranes for dye-contaminated wastewater treatment","volume":"581","author":"Alkhouzaam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cirp.2023.04.016","article-title":"Remanufacturing and reuse of thin film composite (TFC) membranes through surface modification using bio-inspired eco-friendly coating","author":"Alkhouzaam","year":"2023","journal-title":"CIRP Ann."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2009.10.018","article-title":"Assessing the oxidative degradation of polyamide reverse osmosis membrane\u2014Accelerated ageing with hypochlorite exposure","volume":"347","author":"Antony","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cep.2007.08.013","article-title":"Ageing of polysulfone membranes in contact with bleach solution: role of radical oxidation and of some dissolved metal ions","volume":"47","author":"Causserand","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. Process.: Process Intensifi."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2023.107153","article-title":"Closing the loop of membranes by recycling end-of-life membranes: comparative life cycle assessment and economic analysis","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Resour. Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2010.1771","article-title":"Study of sodium alginate\/polysulfone composite nanofiltration membrane","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Desalinat. Water Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.05.099","article-title":"Environmental and economic evaluation of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes recycling by means of chemical conversion","volume":"194","author":"Coutinho de Paula","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.120526","article-title":"Potential use of green TiO2 and recycled membrane in a photocatalytic membrane reactor for oil refinery wastewater polishing","volume":"257","author":"de Oliveira","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0012","first-page":"356","article-title":"Influence of sodium hypochlorite treatment on pore size distribution of polysulfone\/polyvinylpyrrolidone membranes","volume":"10","author":"Dibrov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Membr. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1021\/es203090y","article-title":"Degradation of polyamide nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes by hypochlorite","volume":"46","author":"Do","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2012.09.027","article-title":"Effect of pH on the ageing of reverse osmosis membranes upon exposure to hypochlorite","volume":"309","author":"Donose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2019.01.030","article-title":"Free chlorine exposure dose (ppm\u00b7h) and its impact on RO membranes ageing and recycling potential","volume":"457","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pacheco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2015.08.025","article-title":"Transformation of end-of-life RO membranes into NF and UF membranes: evaluation of membrane performance","volume":"495","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pacheco","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2017.12.034","article-title":"Validation of recycled membranes for treating brackish water at pilot scale","volume":"433","author":"Garc\u00eda-Pacheco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2024.117338","article-title":"Sustainability in reverse osmosis membranes waste management: environmental and socioeconomic assessment","volume":"575","author":"Grossi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0019","article-title":"Solvent-based recovery of high purity polysulfone and polyester from end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"31","author":"Guclu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sustain. Mater. Technolog."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2025.119050","article-title":"Life cycle sustainability assessment of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes management options","volume":"613","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106731","article-title":"New approach of recycling end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes via sonication for microfiltration process","volume":"9","author":"Khoo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2014.10.013","article-title":"Comparative life cycle assessment of end-of-life options for reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"357","author":"Lawler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.117423","article-title":"Circular economy in membrane technology: using end-of-life reverse osmosis modules for preparation of recycled anion exchange membranes and validation in electrodialysis","volume":"593","author":"Lejarazu-Larra\u00f1aga","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0024","article-title":"Nitrate removal by Donnan dialysis and anion-exchange membrane bioreactor using upcycled end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes","volume":"12","author":"Lejarazu-Larra\u00f1aga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Membr. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymdegradstab.2018.02.012","article-title":"Effect of sodium hypochlorite exposure on polysulfone recycled UF membranes and their surface characterization","volume":"150","author":"Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polym. Degrad. Stab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2019.04.060","article-title":"End-of-life RO membranes recycling: reuse as NF membranes by polyelectrolyte layer-by-layer deposition","volume":"584","author":"Moradi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2025.107957","article-title":"Recycling end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes: a combined sodium hypochlorite and ultrasonication treatment approach","volume":"75","author":"Morales","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.132495","article-title":"Low-cost recycled end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes for water treatment at the point-of-use","volume":"362","author":"Moreira","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0029","article-title":"A global outlook of the desalination industry and state-of-the-art technologies for brine valorisation","author":"Morgante","year":"2025","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.05.108","article-title":"Recycling of end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes for membrane biofilms reactors (MBfRs). Effect of chlorination on the membrane surface and gas permeability","volume":"231","author":"Mor\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.435","article-title":"Recycled desalination membranes as a support material for biofilm development: a new approach for microcystin removal during water treatment","volume":"647","author":"Mor\u00f3n-L\u00f3pez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Tot. Environ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jwpe.2024.105963","article-title":"Rejuvenated end-of-life reverse osmosis membranes for landfill leachate treatment and reuse water reclamation","volume":"66","author":"Mota","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Water Process. Eng."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2025.124828","article-title":"Highly selective and chlorine-resistant polyamide reverse osmosis membranes for advanced water treatment via Fenton-assisted aromatic amine surface engineering","volume":"289","author":"Pan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2017.09.012","article-title":"Recycling and energy recovery solutions of end-of-life reverse osmosis (RO) membrane materials: a sustainable approach","volume":"423","author":"Ponti\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0035","first-page":"217","article-title":"Review of reused end-of-life reverse osmosis (EoL RO) membranes","volume":"15","author":"Somrani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Membr. (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2023.08.025","article-title":"Reuse of end\u2014Of\u2014Life membranes through accelerated polyamide degradation","volume":"171","author":"Soto-Salcido","year":"2023","journal-title":"Waste Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2021.119897","article-title":"Extending the life of water reuse reverse osmosis membranes using chlorination","volume":"642","author":"Souza-Chaves","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2015.12.028","article-title":"Fouling characteristics of reverse osmosis membranes at different positions of a full-scale plant for municipal wastewater reclamation","volume":"90","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0039","article-title":"A comprehensive review of reverse osmosis desalination: technology, water sources, membrane processes, fouling, and cleaning","volume":"320","author":"Tayeh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Desalinat. Water Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0040","article-title":"Recycling of end-of-life polymeric membranes for water treatment: closing the loop","volume":"3","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12563","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.2c02321","article-title":"Green solvent cleaning removes irrecoverable foulants from end-of-life membranes in membrane bioreactors: efficacy and mechanisms","volume":"56","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2020.118400","article-title":"Controlled chlorination of polyamide reverse osmosis membranes at real scale for enhanced desalination performance","volume":"611","author":"Verbeke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2023.122209","article-title":"Alkaline pre-treatment enables controllable downcycling of Si-Al fouled end-of-life RO membrane to NF and UF membranes","volume":"690","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2018.02.009","article-title":"Fabrication of high flux nanofiltration membrane via hydrogen bonding based co-deposition of polydopamine with poly(vinyl alcohol)","volume":"552","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1021\/ez4000548","article-title":"Toward in situ healing of compromised polymeric membranes","volume":"1","author":"Zaribaf","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12263","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA24425K","article-title":"Potential applications of abandoned aromatic polyamide reverse osmosis membrane by hypochlorite degradation","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.desal.2023.116535","article-title":"Bio-based tannic acid as a raw material for membrane surface modification","volume":"555","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Desalination"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2022.120313","article-title":"In-situ healing of damaged polyethersulfone ultrafiltration membranes with microgels","volume":"647","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Memb. Sci."}],"container-title":["Water Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426003271?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0043135426003271?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T11:27:49Z","timestamp":1777462069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0043135426003271"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0043135426003271"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645","relation":{},"ISSN":["0043-1354"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0043-1354","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Making waves: the perpetual membrane","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Water Research","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.watres.2026.125645","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"125645"}}